Science 7: 4th QT

• Latitude


  • Parallel Horizontal Lines that have equal distance to one another
  • 0° to 90° from the Eastern to Western Hemisphere
• Longitude


  • Vertical Lines that cross the equator or are perpendicular to the latitude lines
  • 0° to 180° from the Northern to Southern Hemisphere
  • Also called Meridian
• Prime Meridian


  Longitude lines that measures 0°
• Equator


  Latitude lines that measures 0°
• Northern Hemisphere


  Half of the earth north of the equator
• International Date Line


  Located at 180° longitude, demarcates one calendar day from the next
• Latitude Lines


  Indicate the location of the places on earth using degrees (°), minutes (') and seconds (' ')
• Geographical Coordinate System (GCS)


  The way on how to locate different places on Earth
• Latitude Lines


  • North Pole: 90°N
  • Arctic Circle: 66.5°N
  • Tropic of Cancer: 23.5°N
  • Tropic of Capricorn: 23.5°S
  • Antartic Circle: 23.5°S
  • South Pole: 90°S
• Desert


  The climate experienced by countries that are located near Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn
• • 7,017 islands
  • 12.8797°N
  • 121.7740°S
• Continents


  • Africa
  • Asia
  • Europe
  • N. America
  • S. America
  • Australia
  • Antartica
• Oceans


  • Indian
  • Southern
  • Pacific
  • Arctic
  • Atlantic
• The nearest ocean found in the Philippines: Pacific
• Earth's Resources


  • Renewable
  • Non-Renewable
• Renewable


  • Endless supplies
  • Can be replaced again and again
  • ex. Sun, Water, Solar Energy, Wind
• Non-Renewable


  • Limited supplies
  • Require long years before they can be replenished
• Soil


  • Top layer of the earth's crust, composed of minerals, organic matter and water
  • Plant and trees which are essential source of food and raw materials grow on soil
  • Non-renewable
• Importance of Soil to people: Farming, Farmers plant their crops on soil, can be used for construction too
• Water


  • Covers around 70% of earths surface
  • Salt water, fresh water, and ground water
  • People can get food and drinking water
  • People can get HYDROTHERMAL ENERGY
• Three groups of rocks or minerals

  • Metallic: gold, iron, silver...
  • Non metallic: diamons, salt, precious stones...
  • Rocks: marble, grave, sand...
• Importance of Rocks


  • Salt: food
  • Iron: construction of infrastructures
  • Copper: wiring electricity we
  • Spoons: aliminum from steel
• Coal and Fossil Fuels


  Harnessing energy for electricity and industrial use
• Fossil Fuel


  • Made of dead animals and plants
  • Can harness fossil fuels in either deep underground or deep in oceans and seas
• Coal


  • Composed of carbon and hydrogen
  • Sulfur and iron
  • Common type of Fossil Fuel which is extracted deep on earth's surface
• The oldest and common livelihood of people: Farming
• Reforestation


  Process of planting trees in areas that have been depleted
• Sun


  • Is the main source of energy, composed of hydrogen and helium
  • The energy from the sun is either scattered, reflected orabsorbed
• Troposphere


  14-18km: Some of the sun's heat are obtained by the earth while others are radiated back and trapped into the air
• Stratosphere


  • 50km: The ozone layer protects the earth from the harmful UV rays
  • Temperature rises as the height increases cause the ozone is warm
• Mesosphere


  • 85km: The coldest layer that is not directly heated by the sun
  • Meteors burn up
• Thermosphere


  • 600km: The radio waves by the sun is reflected back to the earth from the atmosphere
  • Communication
• Exosphere


  • 800km: Everything in this layer is hot due to its direct heat from the sun
  • Satellites
• Effects of human activities to atmosphere

  • Air Pollution
  • Ozone depletion
  • Global Warming
• Air Pollution


  Burning of plastics, smoke materials, smoke belching and industrial activities
• Smog


  A combination of fog and smoke which are emitted by cars and factories
• Sulfurous Smog


  Causes by burning of fossil fuel, particularly coal by factories
• Photochemical Smog


  Caused by the combination of oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and uv which are emitted from motor vehicles and factories alike
• Ozone depletion


  • Caused by CFC's (Chlorofluorocarbons), through the manufacturing of spray cand, computer circuits and refigerators
  • Can risk skin cancer, cataracts and other immune system problems
• CFC was used in

  • Manufacturing refrigerators
  • Used as propellants in spray cans
  • Used as solvents in cleaning computer circuits during manufacture