carbohydrates and lipids

• carbon, carbon dioxide, glucose


  all life forms contain these
• carbohydrates


  Essential nutrients which include sugars, fibers and starches
• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen


  elements of carbohydrates
• monomer of carbs


  monosaccharide
• polymer of carbs


  polysaccharides
• function of carbs

  Short term (fast) energy storage and provides structure
• carbs


  They come from the basic food groups which play an important role in a healthy life
• carbs


  Grains Vegetables Fruits Milk and other dairy products
• simple carbohydrates


  Have one or two sugar molecules ✓ Molecules are digested and converted quickly resulting in a rise in the blood sugar levels ✓ They are also called “empty calories” as they do not possess fiber, vitamins and minerals
• under simple carbohydrates


  monosaccharides

  disaccharides
• Glucose


  a type of monosaccharide (simple carbs) found in blood sugar
• fructose


  a type of mono (simple carbs) that are found in fruit sugar
• galactose


  a type of mono (simple carbs) that are found in milk sugar
• Classification according to the number of carbon atoms

  Triose – 3 carbon atoms per molecule

  Tetrose – 4 carbon atoms per molecule

  Pentose – 5 carbon atoms per molecule

  Hexose – 6 carbon atoms per molecule

  Heptose – 7 carbon atoms per molecule
• disaccharides 


  Bonded by Glycosidic bonds
• sucrose


  Table sugar and honey

  gluctose + fructose

  disaccharide
• lactose


  milk and dairy products

  galactose + glucose

  disaccharide
• maltose


  Cereal, beer, potatoes, cheese, pasta

  glucose + glucose

  disaccharide
• under complex carbs


  polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)
• starch


  Amylose + Amylopectin

  complex

  poly
• glycogen


  animal starch

  poly

  complex
• cellulose


  structural Carbohydrate

  poly

  complex
• lipids


  Family of organic compounds composed of fats and oils
• Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen


  elemts of lipiods
• Glycerol and Fatty Acid


  monomer of lipids
• Triglyceride


  polymer of lipids
• function of lipids


  Long term energy storage, form cell membranes, steroids, insulation, waterproofing
• lipids


  They help in providing energy and produce hormones in our body. Cheese Oils Butter Red meat and Lard
• simple lipids


  Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols
• fats


  simple lipids that are - Triglycerides

  • Oils are fats in liquid state
• waxes


  simple lipids that consist of a long-chain fatty acid linked through an ester oxygen to a long-chain alcohol - Water-insoluble and usually in solid state
• three fatty acid chains are bound to glycerol by dehydration synthesis which forms triglyceride or neutral fat and three water molecules
• methyl group


  hhh c
• carboxyl group


  has double bonds, o c oh
• complex lipids


  Esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to alcohol and a fatty acid
• phospholipids

  • Make up the cell membrane - Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
• glycolipids


  Lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine and carbohydrate
• lipoproteins


  Transport fat molecules in water, as in blood plasma or other extracellular fluids
• fatty acids


  Carboxylic acids usually with aliphatic tails (long chains).
• saturated


  a type of fatty acid that Lack carbon-carbon double bonds and have higher melting points. Solid at room temperature and usually from animal sources. Food sources: Red meat, Chicken skin, Whole-fat dairy products, Butter, Ice Cream, Lard, and Tropical Oils