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• Chemical reactions


  Processes in which one or more substances are converted into new substances with different chemical and physical properties
• Chemical reactions

  1. Breaking and forming of chemical bonds between atoms

  2. Rearrangement of atoms to form new molecules
• Chemical equations


  Used to represent chemical reactions, showing the reactants on the left side and the products on the right side, with an arrow indicating the direction of the reaction
• Chemical reactions and equations are essential in physical science because they help us understand the changes that occur in matter at the molecular level
• By studying and analyzing chemical reactions, scientists can determine the properties of substances, predict how they will react under different conditions, and develop new materials and compounds for various applications
• Chemical equations provide a concise and systematic way to represent and communicate the details of a reaction, making it easier for scientists to analyze and interpret experimental data
• Chemical equations allow for the stoichiometric calculations of reactants and products, which are crucial for determining the amount of substances needed for a reaction to occur and the amount of products that will be formed
• Chemical reactions and equations play a vital role in physical science by providing a framework for understanding the behavior of matter and facilitating the study and manipulation of chemical systems for practical purposes
• Chemical reactions can be classified into different types, such as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion, and acid-base reactions
• Understanding and balancing chemical equations is essential for predicting the outcome of reactions, determining the amount of reactants needed, and calculating the yields of products
• Chemical reactions

  • Hydrogenation of vegetable oil
  • Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
  • Formation of water
  • Formation of sodium chloride
  • Acid-base neutralization
• Chemical reactions


  • Formation of carbon dioxide
  • Formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
  • Combustion of ethanol
  • Formation of magnesium oxide
  • Decomposition of hydrogen chloride
• Chemical reactions


  • Formation of sodium bicarbonate
  • Oxidation of glucose
  • Formation of silver nitrate
  • Decomposition of water
  • Formation of calcium hydroxide
• Chemical reactions


  • Formation of sulfuric acid
  • Decomposition of hydrogen iodide
  • Formation of calcium carbonate
  • Oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III)
  • Formation of silver chloride
• Chemical reactions


  • Formation of sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of manganese dioxide
• Oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III)

  Iron(II) ions (Fe2+) react with oxygen (O2) to form iron(III) ions (Fe3+)

  
• Formation of silver chloride


  Silver nitrate (AgNO3) reacts with sodium chloride (NaCl) to produce silver chloride (AgCl) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3)
• In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged as bonds between atoms are broken and new bonds are formed
• This rearrangement of atoms is governed by the principle of conservation of mass, which states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
• Breaking of Bonds


  In the initial stage of a chemical reaction, the bonds holding the atoms together in the reactant molecules are broken. This requires an input of energy, which can come from various sources such as heat, light, or the presence of a catalyst
• Formation of New Bonds


  Once the existing bonds are broken, the atoms are free to form new bonds with other atoms to create the products of the reaction. The atoms rearrange themselves to form new molecules with different chemical properties
• During the rearrangement of atoms, the total number of atoms of each element remains constant
• This is in accordance with the law of conservation of mass, which states that the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total mass of the products
• Balancing Chemical Equations


  The rearrangement of atoms in a chemical reaction is represented by a balanced chemical equation. In a balanced equation, the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must be equal to the number of atoms of the same element on the product side
• In this reaction, the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the reactants are broken, and new bonds are formed to create water molecules. The rearrangement of atoms results in the formation of water molecules without the creation or destruction of any atoms
• Overall, the rearrangement of atoms in a chemical reaction involves the breaking and formation of chemical bonds, leading to the transformation of reactants into products while maintaining the total number of atoms of each element constant
• This fundamental process governs the behavior of matter in chemical reactions and is essential for understanding the principles of chemistry