assessment of heart and neck vessels

• controls how the heart pumps

  autonomic nervous system
• functions of the cardiovascular system

  • delivers oxygenated blood
  • removes waste products
• vascular network

  arteries, veins, capillaries
• cone-shaped muscle with four chambers

  heart
• the heart and major blood vessels lie centrally in the chest behind the

  protective sternum
• chambers of the heart

  right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
• receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava


  right atrium
• receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery


  right ventricle
• receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins


  left atrium
• receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the left atrium pumps blood into the systemic circulation via the aorta

  left ventricle
• the largest and most muscular chamber

  aorta
• valves of the heart

  atrioventricular and semilunar
• atrioventricular valves


  tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
• semilunar valves


  pulmonic semilunar and aortic semilunar
• located on the right side of the heart, has three leaflets, and prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium

  tricuspid valve
• located on the left side of the heart, has two leaflets, and prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle to the left atrium


  bicuspid (mitral) valve
• lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and prevents backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle

  pulmonic semilunar valve
• lies between the left ventricle and the aorta, prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle

  aortic semilunar valve
• produced by valve closure, therefore, opening of valve is silent


  heart sounds
• sound 1


  lub
• sound 2


  dub
• extra heart sounds


  murmurs
• the result of closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves

  S1
• heard at the base and apex of the heart

  S1
• results from closure of the semilunar valves


  S2
• best heard at the base of the heart

  S2
• result from ventricular vibration secondary to rapid ventricular filling


  S3 & S4
• ventricular gallop; when the mitral valve opens


  S3
• atrial gallop; results from ventricular vibrations secondary to ventricular resistance during atrial contraction


  S4
• a swooshing or blowing sound resulting from turbulence created within the vascular system; blood normally flows silently through the heart

  murmurs
• conditions that contribute to turbulent blood flow includes:

  • increased blood velocity
  • structural valve defects
  • valve malfunction
  • abnormal chamber opening (septal defect)
• aortic valve constriction and blood cannot flow normally

  aortic stenosis
• cycles of heart sounds

  stage 1

  rapid ventricular filling (heard as S3)
• cycles of heart sounds

  stage 2


  slow ventricular filling (heard as S4)
• cycles of heart sounds

  stage 3


  isovolumetric contraction (heard as S1)
• cycles of heart sounds

  stage 4


  ventricular ejection
• cycles of heart sounds

  stage 5


  isovolumetric relaxation (heard as S2)
• the traditional 5 areas

  • aortic area
  • pulmonic area
  • erb's point
  • mitral (apical)
  • tricuspid area
• 2nd ICS at the right sternal border

  aortic area
• 2nd or 3rd ICS at the left sternal border

  pulmonic area