history

• Kinship


  Sharing of characteristics or origins by blood (consanguinity/consanguineal) and by marriage (affinity/affinal)
• Groups belonging to a particular unilineal group

  • Lineages
  • Clans
  • Phratries
  • Moieties
• Lineages


  A set of kin whose members trace descent from a common ancestor through known links
• Clans


  A set of kin whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor but not that specified
• Phratries


  A unilineal descent group composed of supposedly related clans
• Moieties


  A whole society is divided into 2 unilineal descent groups
• Ambilineal descent


  A system containing both unilineal descent groups
• Bilateral descent


  Two sided (both mother's and father's sides are equal in importance)
• Marriage


  A socially approved sexual and economic union between a man and a woman
• Kinship by ritual


  A privileged social relationship established by ritual, such as that of godparents or fraternal orders
• Politics


  The study that is concerned with authority, power relations and the government
• Political dynasty


  A very popular term to use if the family is in power (political institutions, political parties, political groups)
• Political party


  Organization that act as a mediator between the government and its people
• Government


  The authority, present in a society that enforces its laws and oversees its members
• Political group


  Cooperation by members of different political parties on a common agenda
• Political organization


  Any organization that involves itself in the political process, including political parties, non-governmental organizations, and special interest advocacy groups
• Four Principal Types of Political Organization

  • Bands
  • Tribes
  • Chiefdom
  • State
• Political theories of state function

  • Anarchy
  • Classless society
  • Pluralism
• Authority


  The legitimate power that a person possesses due to his rank and other characteristics
• Three types of legitimate rule (authorities)

  • Traditional authority
  • Charismatic authority
  • Rational authority
• Legitimacy


  The belief that a rule, institution or leader has the right to govern
• Forms of Legitimizing Government

  • Output legitimacy
  • Input legitimacy
  • Who analyzes legitimacy
• Examples on how legitimate governments are received or accepted by the its people

  • Democracy
  • Communism
  • Constitutionalism
  • Monarchy
• Economic institutions


  The formal and informal rules that organize the economic flow and activity of a society
• Reciprocity


  A form of gift exchange between two parties wherein return is expected after product or gift giving
• Government Transfer or transfer payment

  Transfers are payment that are made without any good or service being received in return
• Redistribution


  The process of transferring income and wealth – be it in the form of money, physical property, and the like from one individual to other individuals
• Market Transaction


  The system of exchange in a market. It is when goods and service are traded and bartered among individuals within their market and society
• Loans


  A sum of money that a person may borrow
• Mortgage


  A type of loan that was created for purchasers to be able to make homeownership more attainable
• Bank Accounts


  Deposit accounts held in bank or any other financial institutions that allow individuals available access to money through cash withdrawals, checks and debit
• Market


  A system of private ownership and enterprise that acts based on their private and self-interest
• Production


  The operation or system used to transform raw materials into products which are to be sold as goods or services
• Consumption


  The utilization of goods and services by households
• Non-State Institutions


  • Banks (lending institutions)
  • Corporations
  • Cooperatives
  • Trade Unions (Labor Unions)
  • Advocacy
  • Transnational advocacy groups (Network)
  • Development Agencies
  • International Organizations
• International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOS)


  A non-governmental organization (NGO) that operates in the international playing field
• Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOS)


  Composed of sovereign states
• Types of Education


  • Formal education
  • Informal education
  • Non-formal
• Educational institution


  A place where a person acquire education
• Self-Actualization


  The need to be good and fully alive