PE P1

• Articulating bones


  Where two or more bones meet and allow movement to occur.
• Fine Movements


  Small, precise movements (spin bowl in cricket)
• Gross Movements


  Large, powerful movements (serving in tennis)
• Joint


  Where two or more bones meet
• Functions of the skeleton

  Support, protection of organs, movement, structural shape, mineral storage, blood cell production
• Ligaments


  attach bone to bone
• Tendons


  Attach muscle to bone
• Agonist


  Muscle group responsible for movement
• Antagonist


  Acts to produce opposite action to the agonist working in a antagonistic pair.
• Cartilage


  Spongy tissue, acts as a buffer to prevent friction
• Synovial fluid


  Clear fuild that acts as a lubricant which stops bone rubbing together
• Isometric contration


  Muscle contaction where muscle length does not change (contraction is consistant)
• Isotonic contraction


  Muscle contraction that results in movement of limb(s)
• Concentric


  Shortening of the muscle
• Eccentric


  Lenghting of the muscle
• Synovial capsule


  Fibrous, enclosed the joint
• Synovial membrane


  To produce synovial fluid
• Bursa(e)


  Fluid filled sacks, prevent hard structures from hitting against soft structures
• Flexion


  A joint bending
• Extension


  A joint extending
• Plantar flexion


  Where your toes point towards you ankle
• Dorsi flexion


  Where your toes point towards your knee
• Abduction


  Movement away from the midline of the body
• Adduction


  Movement toward the midline of the body
• Circumduction


  Circular movement around a joint (cricket bowl)
• Rotation


  Movement around an axis (spin bowling in cricket)
• Pathway of air


  Mouth/nose -> Trachea -> Lungs -> Bronci -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
• Properties of alveoli


  Large surface area, moist thin wall, short diffusion pathway, lost of capillaries, large blood supply, movement of gas = high to low concentration
• Alveoli


  Air sacs in the lungs
• Haemoglobin


  Substance in red blood cells which transport oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide.
• Gaseous exchange


  The process where oxygen is taken in from the air and exchanged for carbon dioxide which is take out
• Cardiac output


  The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (or stroke volume x heart rate)
• Stroke volume


  The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction (or cardiac output / heart rate)
• Heart rate


  The number of time the heart beats, usually per minute (or cardiac output / stroke volume)
• Tidal volume


  Volume of air inspired of exhired/exhaled per breath
• Vital capacity

  The maximum amount of air which can be exhaled after maxium inhalation
• Inspiritory reserve volume


  The amount of air that can be breathed in after tidal volume
• Expiratory reverve volume


  The amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume
• Residual volume


  The amount of air left in the lungs after maxium expiration
• Inspiration


  The intake of air into the lungs through increasing the volume of the chest cavity