Anatomy (intro)

• Anatomy


  The science of body structures and the relationships among them
• Subspecialties of Anatomy


  • Embryology
  • Development Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Surface Anatomy
  • Gross Anatomy
  • Systemic Anatomy
• Physiology


  The science of body functions - how body parts work
• Subspecialties of Physiology


  • Neurophysiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Immunology
  • Renal Physiology
  • Pathophysiology
• Levels of Structural Organization

  • Chemical Level
  • Cellular Level
  • Tissue Level
  • Organ Level
  • System Level
  • Organismal Level
• Organ-Systems of the Human Body

  • Integumentary System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Urinary System
  • Reproductive System
• Basic Life Processes


  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Differentiation
  • Reproduction
• Metabolism


  The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
• Catabolism


  Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
• Anabolism


  The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
• Responsiveness


  The body's ability to detect and respond to changes or stimuli
• Movement


  Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
• Growth


  Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
• Differentiation


  The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
• Reproduction


  The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual
• Homeostasis


  The condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes
• Feedback System


  A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, unmonitored, reevaluated, and so on
• Negative Feedback System


  Reverses a change in a controlled condition
• Positive Feedback System


  Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
• Anatomical Position


  The person stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward, the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward
• Directional Terms


  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Lateral
  • Medial
  • Intermediate
  • Ipsilateral
  • Contralateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superficial
  • Deep
• Planes


  • Sagittal Plane
  • Coronal or Frontal Plane
  • Transverse Plane or Cross-Sectional
  • Oblique Plane
• Body Cavities


  Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
• Serous Membranes


  Epithelial tissues that cover the organs and the cavity walls, with two parts: parietal (lines the walls of the cavities) and visceral (lines the organs)
• Thoracic Cavity


  The serous membrane in the thoracic cavity is called pleura
• Mediastinum


  Part of the thoracic cavity

  
• Abdominopelvic Cavity


  The serous membrane in the abdominal or peritoneal cavity is peritoneum
• Women's roles and status - women have cared for infants and children
• Christian value of "love thy neighbor as thyself" and Christ's parable of the Good Samaritan impact on nursing (and medicine) in the Western world
• Fabiola, Knights of Saint Lazarus, Alexian Brothers


  • Provided care and healing for the poor, the sick, and the homeless
• Wars - inadequacy of care given to soldiers increased need for nurses
• Florence Nightingale


  • Recruited female nurses to provide care to the sick and injured in the Crimea
  • Transformed military hospitals by setting up sanitation practices
• Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Mother Biekerdyke, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix


  • Provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to the North, searched battlefields and gave care to injured and dying soldiers
• Society's attitudes about nurses and nursing - both negative and positive images
• Nursing leaders and their contribution to nursing and society
• Hypourgoi and hypourgisses


  Professional nurses in the Byzantium (later Constantinople)
• Evolution of nursing


  1. Antiquity

  2. Middle Ages

  3. Florence Nightingale and Modern Nursing

  4. Nursing post world war

  5. Contemporary Nursing

  6. 21st century Nursing
• The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines by Carlos "Botong" Francisco
• Red cross emblem


  Visible sign of protection under the 1949 Geneva Conventions, emblem of the armed forces' medical services
• Women's roles and status

  • Traditional female roles of wife, mother, daughter, and sister have always included the care and nurturing of other family members
  • Nursing could be said to have its roots in "the home"
  • The traditional nursing role has always entailed humanistic caring, nurturing, comforting, and supporting