THORAX-F

• STERNUM Divided into 3 parts:

  1. Manubrium
  2. Body of the sternum
  3. Xiphoid process
• Manubrium

  • forms the upper part of the sternum
  • articulates and connects with body of sternum at manubriosternal joint
• Manubrium sternal joint a.k.a Sternal Angle and ___

  • Angle of Louis
• Body of the sternum

  • articulates with manubrium and xiphoid process (
  • articulates with 2nd to 7th ribs
• Xiphoid process

  • thin plate of cartilage
  • becomes ossified as its proximal end during adult life
  • no ribs or costal cartilages are attached
• RIBS

  • 12 pairs
  • Attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
• True ribs

  • Upper 7 pairs
  • Attached to the sternum by their costal cartilages
• False Ribs

  • Attached anteriorly to each other
  • Also attached to the 7th rib by their costal cartilages and small synovial joints
• Floating Ribs

  • (11th and 12th)
  • No anterior attachment
• COSTAL CARTILAGES

  • Bars of cartilage
• FORCED INSPIRATION

  • during exercise/ activity; require active manipulation of breathing (Hyperpnea)
• QUIET EXPIRATION

  • at rest/ normal breathing does not require cognitive thought; diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract (Eupnea)
• FORCED EXPIRATION

  • mas marami ang ma expel na air whenever you’re trying to breathe
  • during exercise/ activity; require active manipulation of breathing (Hyperpnea)
• Active process

  • Contraction of muscles of abdominal wall
  • diaphragm moves up, ribs move down as well as the intercostal muscles relaxes
  • Quadratus Lumborum contraction (pulls 12th rib downward)
  • Latissimus contraction (pulls down lower ribs)
• CREPITUS

  • clicking sound from fracture
• Eupnea

  • normal respiratory rate and rhythm

  
• Tachypnea

  • increased respiratory rate

  
• Bradypnea

  • decrease rate but regular breathing
  • sleep, drugs, metabolic disorder

  
• Apnea

  • absence of breathing

  
• Cheyne-stokes

  • breaths that gradually become faster and deeper than normal and then slower, with apneic episodes

  
• Biot’s

  • rapid, deep breathing with abrupt pauses between each breath, irregular rate and depth
  • spinal meningitis, many CNS causes, and head injury

  
• Kaussmaul’s

  • rapid, deep respirations associated with diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, and metabolic acidosis

  
• Apneustic

  • prolonged inspiratory phase with shortened expiratory phase (lesion in brain stem)

  
• PIGEON CHEST

  • CHEST IS PROTRUDING (thorax area)
  • pectus carinatum
  • Permanent deformity caused by ricketts
• FUNNEL CHEST

  • Pectus excavatum
  • Congenital defect
  • Depression is very evident in the sternum area
  • Narrowed anteroposterior diameter
• BARREL CHEST

  • Seen in clients with thoracic kyphosis and emphysema 􏰂 classified under COPD
• ADAMS FORWARD BEND TEST

  • test for scoliosis

  
• Atelectasis

  • is the collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange
  • occurs from a blocked airway (obstructive) or pressure from outside the lung
• Pneumonia

  • Infection brought by the streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs filled with pus and may become solid.
• double pneumonia

  • Pneumonia that infects both lungs
• single pneumonia

  • Pneumonia that infects one lung
• lobar pneuomonia

  • Pneumonia that infects certain lobes
• Pneumothorax

  • Air-filled
  • COLLAPSED LUNGS
  • Occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall.
• TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX

  • progressive build-up of air within the pleural space, usually due to lung laceration which allows air to escape into the pleural space
• Pleural effusion

  • Fluid in the pleural space
  • Water in lungs
  • When its filled with blood its called hemothorax
• CHEST TRAUMA

  • Caused By pneumothorax, pleural effusion, hemothorax, blunt trauma
• CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

  • is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.
• CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

  • “Blue bloaters”
  • excessive mucus production with recurrent, persistent cough during 3 months of a 2 year for 2 consecutive years
  • Hypoxic
  • major cause is smoking
• EMPHYSEMA

  • “Pink puffers”
  • pink because of the buildup of CO2
  • permanent enlargement of the alveoli distal of terminal bronchioles with destruction of alveolar wall.
  • problem in alveoli means a problem in gas exchange