emergency and disaster management

• shock is a depressed condition of many body functions due to the

  failure of enough blood to circulate throughout the body following serious injury.
• factors that contribute to shock

  P- pain

  R- rough Handling

  I- improper Handling

  C- continuous Bleeding

  E- exposure to extreme cold or excessive heat

  F- fatigue
• Objectives of First Aid in Shock:

  1. To improve circulation of blood
  2. To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen
  3. To maintain normal body temperature
• First Aid and Preventive Management in SHOCK:

  1. proper position
  2. proper body heat
  3. proper transfer
• wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either

  internal or external.
• Closed wounds -Involves the underlying tissue without break/damage in the skin or mucous membrane.
• First aid management in closed wounds:

  I - ice application

  C - compression

  E - elevation

  S - splinting
• Open Wound – A break in the skin or mucous membrane or the

  protective skin layer is damage.
• Classification of Open wound:

  P - Puncture

  A - Abrasion

  L - Laceration

  A - Avulsion

  I - Incision
• Types of shock:

  • anaphylactic
  • cardiogenic
  • hypovolemic
  • metabolic
  • neurogenic
  • psychogenic (fainting)
  • septic
• Anaphylactic - allergic reaction (most severe form)
• Cardiogenic - inadequate heart function. Disease of muscle tissue. Impaired electrical system. Disease or injury
• Hypovolemic - Loss of blood or fluid
• Metabolic - Excessive loss of fluid and electrolytes due to vomiting, urination, or diarrhea
• Neurogenic - Damaged cervical spine, which causes blood vessels to dilate widely
• Psychogenic (fainting) - temporary, generalized vascular dilation. Anxiety, bad news, sight of injury/blood, prospect of medical
• septic - severe bacterial infection
• Kinds of bleeding:

  • arterial bleeding
  • venous bleeding
  • capillary bleeding
• First aid management wound with severe bleeding:

  1. Control bleeding
  2. Cover the wound
  3. Care for shock
  4. Consult or refer to physician
• Muscle Cramp (spasm) - is the sudden, painful tightening of a muscle
• Muscle strain/pulled muscle - is the sudden painful tearing of the muscle fibers during exertion
• Sprain - is cause by torn fibers in a ligaments
• Dislocation - is the displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint
• Fractures - break in bone continuity
• Types of fracture:

  • Closed (simple fracture) - if overlying skin remains intact
  • Open (compound fracture) - if skin or one of the body cavities is breached
• Environmental emergencies:

  • heat cramps
  • heat exhaustion
  • heat stroke
• Heat cramps - a muscular pain and spasm due to largely loss of salt from the body during sweating or inadequate intake of salt
• Heat exhaustion - a response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness and collapse due to inadequate intake of water to compensate for loss of fluids through sweating
• Hypothermia - abnormally low body temperature that can lead to unconsciousness, shock, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, and death
• Complete fractures - bone split into 2 or more fragments
• Transverse fracture - in-place fragments after closed reduction
• Oblique/Spiral fracture - shorten/displaced fragments after splinting
• Impacted fracture - jammed fragments with indistinct line
• Comminuted fracture - fracture that is broken into several pieces
• Incomplete fractures - incomplete division with periosteum intact
• greenstick fracture - buckled/bent bone, often occurs in children
• compression fracture - crumpled cancellous bone, often occurs in adults
• In emergency management of Fractures the priority is to STOP BLEEDING and fat embolism, immobilize (splint) to prevent further injury, and to check for other disability
• laceration - skin tear with irregular edges
• avulsion - tearing away from supporting structure