BIOLOGY

• Food


  Any substance which, when absorbed into your body tissues, yields material for production of energy
• Food


  • Provides material for growth, maintenance and repair of body tissues
• Digestion


  The process of reducing food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb
• Major Organs of the Digestive System


  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestines
  • Large Intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
• Ingestion


  1. The process by which food is taken into the mouth

  2. An active Voluntary Process

  3. Putting food inside your mouth
• Mechanical Digestion


  The process of physically breaking food into smaller pieces
• Propulsion


  Usually means movement caused by a force
• Chemical Digestion


  Sequence of steps in which large food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes
• Absorption


  1. The Transport of the digested end products from lumen of the GAT (gastrointestinal tract) to the blood

  2. Small intestine is the major absorptive site
• Excretion


  The elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus
• Stomach


  • C shaped organ that has Folds called RUGAE
  • Where Digestion using Hydrochloric acid
• Chyme


  Digested food/Bolus. It contains hydrochloric acid
• Small Intestines


  • The major site of the absorption of nutrients and minerals
  • The organ that contains villi which absorbs all the nutrients in the chyme
• Segments of Small Intestine


  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
• Large Intestine


  • Absorb Salt & water
• Rectum


  • Storage place for feces
  • Stores feces until nervous stimulation initiates the defecation reflex
• Anus


  • Where feces goes out of the body
• Major Salivary Glands


  • Parotid Glands
  • Sublingual Glands
  • Submaxillary/Submandibular Glands
• Types of Teeth


  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolars
  • Molars
• Liver


  • The longest internal organ inside the body
  • Produces BILE - a substance that helps in the digestion of fats
• Pancreas


  • Located under the stomach
  • Pancreatic Juice - neutralizes the chyme
  • Pancreatic duct - where the pancreatic juice travels through
• Gallbladder


  • Located beneath the liver
  • Store and Release BILE
• Appendix


  • Attached to the large intestine
  • Acts as a storehouse for good bacteria
• Types of Cell Division


  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis

  
• Mitosis


  • Body cell/Somatic cell
  • 4 stages
  • Results in daughter cells that are IDENTICAL

  
• Meiosis


  • Gametes/sex cells
  • 8 stages
  • Results in 4 daughter cells that are UNIQUE

  
• Diploid Cell


  46 Chromosomes
• Haploid Cell


  23 Chromosomes