EAPP (LONG QUIZ 1)

• Argument


  A line of reasoning designed to prove a point
• Arguments


  • Regardless of length and complexity, all arguments have the same basic framework: the author states some central idea, and then presents supporting evidence, laying it out in a logical pattern
  • The central point of an argument is called the conclusion
• Academic writing argument


  A main idea, often called a "claim" or "thesis statement, backed up with evidence that supports the idea
• Manifesto


  • A document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer
  • It advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action
  • It most often concerns art, literature, or politics
  • It is generally written in the name of a group sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual
• Major Categories of Manifesto


  • Goal
  • List and Rules
  • World
• Goal manifesto


  A goal can be a manifesto when we share it with other people. It's public, it's a declaration and it's about what one intends to have happened.
• List and Rules manifesto

  A manifesto containing set of rules for behaving within a specific context or a list of items to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled.
• World manifesto


  This type of manifesto aims to create a new world. It's not about simple rules, instead, it presents a vision for the future. A solemn declaration by the constituted authorities of a nation which contains the reason for its public acts towards another. On the declaration of war, a manifesto is usually issued in which the nation declaring war states the reasons for so doing.
• A MANIFESTO or the writer of a manifesto, aims for a change in state or in other words, the author is trying to convince the reader to believe the concept that he/she is trying to convey by giving arguments or logical reasons that will catch the attention of the reader and eventually believing it.
• Change can only be achieved if the reader fully understands the argument that is accompanied with evidences(reasons) that the author is trying to emphasize.
• Steps in Analyzing an Argument


  1. Briefly note the main assertion (what does the writer want me to believe or do?

  2. Make a note of the first reason the author makes to support his/ her conclusion.

  3. Write down every other reason.

  4. Underline the most important reason
• Analyze an Argument


  Evaluate someone else's argument. The task presents a brief passage in which the author makes a case for a course of action or interprets events by presenting claims and supporting evidence. Your job will be to examine the claims made and critically assess the logic of the author's position.
• Points for Analysis


  • What evidence is given?
  • What conclusions are made?
  • What assumptions (likely not stated) are made?
  • What ramifications (perhaps not stated) would necessarily follow from the author's argument?
• Argument


  A claim or a set of claims with reasons and evidence offered as support; a line of reasoning meant to demonstrate the truth or falsehood of something.
• Assumption


  A belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the conclusion to be true
• Alternative explanation


  A competing version of what might have caused the events in question that undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too can account for the observed facts
• Counterexample


  An example, real or hypothetical, that refutes or disproves a statement in the argument
• Analysis


  The process of breaking something (e.g., an argument) down into its component parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole
• Evaluation


  An assessment of the quality of evidence and reasons in an argument and of the overall merit of an argument
• Conclusion


  The end point reached by a line of reasoning, valid if the reasoning is sound; the resulting assertion
• Principal claims


  • Claim of Fact
  • Claim of Value
  • Claim of Policy
• Claim of Fact


  Asserts that a condition existed, exists, or will exist and are based on facts or data that are, or can be verified.
• Claim of Value


  Attempts to prove that some things are more or less desirable than others. They express approval or disapproval, good or bad, beautiful or ugly.
• Claim of Policy


  Asserts that specific policies should be instituted as a solution to problems. The expression should, must or ought to, usually appear in the sentence.
• Logical Fallacies


  • False Dilemma
  • Appeal to Ignorance
  • Slippery slope
  • Complex question
  • Appeal to Force
  • Appeal to Pity
  • Appeal to Consequences
  • Bandwagon
  • Attacking the Person
  • Appeal to Authority
  • Anonymous Authority
  • Hasty Generalization
  • False Analogy
  • Accident
  • Post Hoc
  • Wrong Direction
  • Complex Cause
• False Dilemma


  Occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities
• Appeal to Ignorance


  Occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa
• Slippery slope


  Occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn
• Complex question


  Occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and the reader is expected to accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while the other is not
• Appeal to Force


  Occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used to argue
• Appeal to Pity


  Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning
• Appeal to Consequences


  Occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing something are pointed out to show that the belief is false
• Bandwagon


  Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks
• Attacking the Person


  Occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument
• Appeal to Authority


  Occurs when the argument quotes an expert who's not qualified in the particular subject matter
• Anonymous Authority


  The authority in question is not mentioned or named
• Hasty Generalization


  Occurs when a sample is not significant enough to support a generalization about a population
• False Analogy


  Occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways
• Accident


  Occurs when a general rule is applied to a situation, even when it should be an exception
• Post Hoc


  It is an informal fallacy that states: "Since event A followed event B, event A must have been caused by event B."