ENGLISH

• Research


  A careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern or issue using the scientific method to gain new knowledge
• Research paper


  A piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation and argument based on in-depth independent research
• Abstract


  A short summary of completed research intended to describe the work without going into detail, self-contained and concise
• Introduction


  Leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry, establishes the scope, context and significance of the research
• Literature review


  Provides an overview of sources explored, including books, scholarly articles and other relevant sources, to demonstrate how the research fits within a larger field of study
• Hypothesis


  A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research, the researcher's intellectual guess about the possible result
• Methodology


  The systematic method to resolve a research problem through data gathering using various techniques, providing an interpretation of data and drawing conclusions
• Population


  The entire group that the researcher wants to draw conclusions about, can refer to objects, events, organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
• Sample


  A smaller part or subgroup of the population, the specific group within a population that the researcher will collect data from
• Types of research participants


  • Respondents
  • Participants
  • Subjects
• Variable


  Any factor, trait or condition that can be manipulated, controlled for or measured in an experiment
• Independent variable


  The variable in an experiment that is changed or manipulated, assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable
• Dependent variable


  The variable that responds to the changes, the variable being tested and measured
• Research instrument


  Any tool used to collect, measure or analyze data relevant to the research, such as questionnaires, surveys, interviews, checklists or tests
• Questionnaire


  A set of standardized questions, often called items, that follow a fixed scheme to collect individual data about one or more specific topics
• Data


  Any information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to validate original research findings
• Results


  The section of a research paper where the authors provide the data collected during their study
• Discussion


  The section of a research paper that interprets and describes the significance of the findings in light of what was already known, and explains any new understanding or insights
• Conclusion


  Intended to help the reader understand why the research should matter to them, a synthesis of key points
• Reference


  The last page of a research paper that lists all the sources used in the study, giving credit to authors consulted
• Appendix


  Serves as a space for materials that help clarify the research but do not belong in the main text, such as research instruments like interview transcripts, questionnaires or surveys
• Technical definition


  The universal meaning of the term, from reference materials like dictionaries, encyclopedias, books, journals, websites
• Operational definition


  How the term is applied or used in the research, formulated by the researcher and anchored on the technical definition
• Definition of terms is an alphabetical list of important terms, acronyms or jargons used in the research study</b>
• Jargons are terminologies only understood by people in a certain group and are difficult for others to understand
• Definition of terms is important because it clarifies and defines the important terms, acronyms and jargons for the readers of the paper
• Defining terms is important to avoid readers getting confused or stopping reading the research paper when they encounter unfamiliar words or unclear ideas
• Only terms, words or phrases that have special or unique meanings in the study are defined
• What to define


  • Important words in the title
  • Technical terms used in the research paper
  • Words for treatments and measurement
  • Data analysis terms
• Definitions should be short, clear and unambiguous
• If the terms are from dictionaries, books, encyclopedias, websites, the technical definition source must be acknowledged and cited
• If there are uncommon acronyms, they should be included, spelled out and the meaning given
• Some researchers define words using technical definition, others use operational definition, and others use a combination of both
• Expanded definition


  One or more paragraphs that attempt to explain a complex term. An extended definition may explain the word's etymology or historical roots, describe sensory characteristics of something (how it looks, feels, sounds, tastes, smells), identify its parts, indicate how something is used, explain what it is not, provide an example of it, and/or note similarities or differences between this term and other words or things.
• Patterns in expanding definitions


  • Example
  • Cause and Effect
  • Compare and Contrast
  • Negation
  • Etymology or Origin
  • Historical References
• Example pattern


  • A pattern that provides a concrete example of a term to make it easier to understand. Example: A. Tools are devices or implements, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function. (Dictionary) B. Hammers, pliers, and screwdrivers are examples of tools.
• Cause and Effect pattern


  • A pattern that analyzes "WHY" something happened. Example: Water pollution can result in the death of many people because of the harmful chemicals on the water. Throwing garbage on the sea and rivers can cause water pollution.
• Compare and Contrast pattern


  • A pattern that shows how the subject is like/unlike on something. It describes the similarities and differences of two ideas or concept. Example: Hard wheat and soft wheat are both flours. Hard wheat is a kind of flour made from high-protein wheat varieties. Soft wheat is a flour made from low-protein wheat varieties.
• Negation pattern


  • A pattern that describes what is NOT about the concept. It also gives the limitations of an idea or concept. Example: Bamboo is a giant woody grass that grows chiefly in the tropics, where it is widely cultivated. (Dictionary) Bamboo, even it grows high and wide, it is not classified as a tree.
• Etymology or Origin pattern


  • A pattern that shares the origin of the word. Example: Webinar is a seminar conducted over the internet. (Dictionary) Webinar is a combination of the words "web" which means internet network and "seminar" which means a training or meeting for discussion.