HEART-F

• Pericardium has 2 layers

  1. Fibrous
  2. Serous
• Fibrous

  • strong, limits unnecessary movement of the heart
  • firmly attached to central tendon
• Serous has 2 layers

  1. Parietal
  2. Visceral
• Parietal

  • “outer”
  • lines fibrous pericardium
  • reflected around roots of the great vessels
• Visceral

  • ”internal” mas malapit sa heart
  • covers the heart
• Pericardial cavity

  • slit-like space between parietal and visceral layer
  • fluid-filled
• Pericardial fluid

  • acts as lubricant to facilitate cardiac movements
• Pericarditis

  • an infection that would cause inflammation to the pericardium
• HEART

  • hollow, muscular organ within the pericardium
  • Pyramidal (in shape)
• Right atrium

  • lies anterior to left atrium
• Right ventricle

  • lies anterior to left ventricle
• Lub (S1)

  • sound produced by contraction of ventricles and closure of both atrioventricular valves
• Dub (S2)

  • shorter sound, produced by sharp closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
• Tricuspid valve

  • best heard over right half of lower end of body of sternum
• Mitral valve

  • best heard over apex beat (level of 5th left intercostal space)
• Pulmonary Valve

  • Best heard of medial end of the 2nd left intercostals space
• Aortic Valve

  • Best heard of medial end of 2nd right intercostals space
• Arteries

  • Carries oxygenated blood away from the left portion of the heart and unoxygenated blood to lung via pulmonary arteries
• Veins

  • Carry unoxygenated blood back to the right portion of the heart, except for pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left heart
  • Contain the same 3 layers of the arteries but are thinner with less elastic and collagenous tissue and smooth muscle
• Capillaries

  • Connect arterial and venous system for exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients, and waste
• HIGH-PITCHED, POLYPHONIC WHEEZE

  • Auscultated mainly in expiration
  • Sounds like a high-pitched musical instrument with more than one type of sound quality
  • multiple sounds that make up the wheeze which is mainly expiration.
• LOW-PITCHED, MONOPHONIC WHEEZE

  • Auscultated mainly in expiration (but may be present at any time)
  • Sounds like a low-pitched whistling tune or whine with one type of sound quality
• STRIDOR

  • Auscultated during inspiration
  • High pitched whistling or gasping sound with harsh sound quality
  • May be seen in children with conditions such as croup or epiglottis, or anyone with an airway obstruction
  • the high-pitched, harsh sound heard in inspiration
• COARSE CRACKLES

  • Auscultated during inspiration (can extend into expiration as well)
  • Low-pitched, wet bubbling sound
• FINE CRACKLES

  • Auscultated during inspiration
  • High-pitched, crackling sound
  • Similar to a fire crackling
  • sound like a candy wrapper
• PLEURAL FRICTION RUB

  • Auscultated during inspiration and expiration
  • Low-pitched, harsh/grating sound
  • harsh grating sound because there is friction already, nag rurub sila against each other in the pleural cavity.
• ALLEN’S TEST

  • test for blood flow in the hands
• PALPATING PERIPHERAL PULSES

  • RADIAL
  • ULNAR
  • BRACHIAL
  • FEMORAL
  • POPLITEAL
  • DORSALIS PEDIS
  • POSTERIOR TIBIALIS