qualitative analysis

• they must be carried out in a specific order to avoid fakse positives

  carbonate test, sulphate test, halide test, ammonium test
• carbonate test

  add dilute HNO3 to solid/solution to be tested

  positive test= effervescence
• sulphate test

  (add HNO3 first) then add Ba(NO3)2 to solution

  positive test= white precipitate
• halide test

  add AgNO3 to solution

  positive test= white precipitate (AgCl)

  positive test= cream precipitate (AgBr)

  positive test= yellow precipitate (AgI)

  first test with dilute and then conc ammonia solution

  AgCl dissolve in dilute, AgBr only dissolve in conc, AgI dont dissolve
• ammonium test

  add NaOH to solution, warm in hot water bath and then test vapour with damp red litmus paper

  positive test= red litmus turns blue