earthquake hazards

• Earthquake - is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the earth's surface.
• Tectonic earthquake - generated by the sudden displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of the earth.
• Volcanic Earthquake - earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes.
• Seismic waves - slippage on fault = release of elastic energy transported by seismic waves which travel throughout the earth. we feel them as vibrations.
• P Waves

  • Body Wave
  • Fastest
  • Push-pull movement
  • Can move through solid and fluid
• S waves

  • Body Wave
  • Slower than P wave
  • Up & down, side to side movement
  • can only move through solid
• Surface Waves

  • Travel Outward
  • Slowest
• Ground Shaking

  • Disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion experienced during an earthquake.
• Ground rupture - displacement on the ground due to movement of fault.
• Liquefaction - Process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from a solid to a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
• EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE - MOVEMENT OF ROCK, EARTH, OR DEBRIS DOWN A SLOPED SECTION OF LAND CAUSED BY EXTREME SHAKING OF THE GROUND
• Love Wave = Perpendicular
• • Rayleigh Wave = Parallel and Perpendicular
• TSUNAMI - A.K.A SEISMIC SEA WAVE, IS A SERIES OF WAVES IN A WATER BODY CAUSED BY THE DISPLACEMENT OF A LARGE VOLUME OF WATER