Segment 2

• Mutation > It is any alteration in an organism's genetic material
• Mutagens > Benzene, asbestos, and aflatoxin are examples of this
• Spontaneous Mutation > Result from errors in the copying of the DNA
• Frameshift Mutation > Happens when a base is added or deleted by shifting the reading frame of the gene
• Induced mutation > These are brought by external agents such as high energy radiation like UV, x-ray, and gamma rays
• Initiation > The stem in transcription where the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter
• Elongation > It is the step in transcription where the transcription bubble moves along DNA template and the RNA grows from 5' to 3'
• RNA Splicing > It involves the excision of introns and splicing together extrons
• Initiation > The step in translation deals with the activation of amino acid methionine b the attachment of tRNA
• Translation - Elongation > During this process the next AA-tRNA attaches to the A-site with the aid of EF's and the hydrolysis of GTP to drive the process.