Material Science

• Material Science


  Investigates the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials (to develop or synthesize new materials)
• Material Engineering


  Designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties (to create new products/systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials)
• Material Science and Engineering


  • Talks about properties, suitability, and applicability of materials
• Stone Age


  Historical period in which animal hide, wood, clay, and stone are the materials widely utilized; may it be tools, clothing, and even shelters
• Bronze Age


  Age that pioneered the use of "metals" more specifically alloys like Bronze that were casted into tools, weapons, or armory, and forged into shape for those purposes
• Iron Age


  Historical period in which high temperature furnaces have been popular to melt down metals like iron
• Steel Age


  Age that marked the utilization of high strength alloys like steel, carbon-steel alloys, and even titanium alloys
• Non-Ferrous and Polymers Age


  Age that utilized Non-Ferrous, "super alloys" like ones made from Aluminium, Titanium, Nickel and more. Furthermore, this age also marked the creation and use of Plastics and Composites to make synthetic and polymer like products that are cheaper and easier to produce relative to metals
• Advanced Materials Age


  Age of Semiconductors, Biomaterials, Smart Materials, Nanomaterials
• Structure

  • Subatomic (electrons within atoms and interactions with nuclei)
  • Atomic (organization of atoms/molecules relative to one another)
  • Microscopic (large groups of atoms normally together)
  • Macroscopic (structural elements viewable with naked eye)
• Property


  Trait in terms of kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus
• Performance


  Function of the material's properties, how it behaves
• Chemical Properties - refer to the structure of a material and its formation from the elements.
• Composition- elemental or chemical components of materials
• Corrosion Resistance- ability of the material to resists deterioration by chemical or electromechanicalreaction with its environment
• Crystal Structure- ordered or repeating arrangement of an atoms and molecules in a material.
• Microstructure- structured of polished and etched materials
• Stereospecificity- tendency for polymers and molecular materials to form with an ordered, spatial and three-dimensional arrangement of monomer molecules.
• Physical Properties - refer to the interaction of materials with various form of energy
• Density- mass/volume or weight/volume of the material
• Heat distortion temperature- temperature at w/c a polymer under a specified load shows a specified amount of deflection
• Melting point- material liquefies on heating or solidifies on cooling
• Specific Gravity- is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance
• Mechanical Properties - materials that are displayed when a force is applied to the materials
• Strength- is the ability of the material to withstand force, stress or pressure.
• Compressive strength- maximum compressive stress that a material is capable of withstanding
• Creep- permanent strain under strain
• Endurance Limit- max. stress below w/c a material can theoretically endure an infinite number of stress cycles
• Hardness- a measure of material’s resistance to localized deformation or scratch
• Poisson’s Ratio- ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain
• Modulus of Elasticity- a measure of the stiffness of a certain material (stress over strain)
• Shear Strength- stress required to fracture a shape in a cross-sectional plane that parallel to the force application
• Resilience- stress at w/c material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionally of stress and strain- to absorb energy and to resist shock and impact loads
• Thermal Propertie - can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.
• Thermal Conductivity- rate of heat flow per unit time in a homogeneous material under steady-state conditions, perunit area.
• Emissivity- relative ability of its surface to emit energy by radiation.
• Thermal Expansion- rate at which a material elongates when heated
• Electrical resistivity- electrical resistance of a material per unit length
• Electrical conductivity or specific conductance- measure of materials ability to conduct an electric current. (ratio of current densityto electric field strength)
• Dielectric Strength- maximum potential difference that an insulating material of given thickness can withstand for aspecific time.