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• Statistics


  The summary description of a given variable in a sample
• Variable


  A set of exclusive attributes like sex, age, and employment status
• Sample


  A group of people who are actually selected to participate or to be the subject of the study
• Hypothesis


  The educated guess about the answer to a specific question
• Sampling Frame


  The actual list of sampling units from which the sample, or some stage of the sample is selected
• Element


  The unit about which information is collected and which provides the basis of analysis
• Methodology


  The method of research design (paradigm and statistics and analysis) and the approximate timeline for completion of the study
• Parameter


  The summary description of a given variable in a population
• Population


  Also called the universe
• Observation Unit


  An element or aggregation of the elements from which information is collected
• Technical Definition


  Refers to the aspect of explaining or describing any technical terms or terminology
• Operational Definition


  More on the application of the word
• Parenthetical Definition


  A technique wherein the readers will easily recognize and understand the meaning using an alternative phrase (synonym)
• Defining Phrase


  A technique wherein the actual definition is preceded by terms or a few words to explain it
• Formal Sentence


  A technique follows a method in which it is specified for writing a definition in a sentence, and they are a.) Start with the word/phrase, b.) state the class, c.) distinguishing characteristics
• Extended Definition


  A technique said to be the longest, offering the freedom and variety to provide insight into the origin of the term, additional meanings, synonyms, and antonyms
• Components of Extended Definition


  • Denotation
  • Connotation
  • Synonym
  • Antonym
  • Analogy
  • Etymology
• Expanded Definitions


  The use of paragraph or more to expand on a word that may be difficult to comprehend
• Techniques for Expanded Definitions


  • Etymology
  • History
  • Cause and Effect
  • Description
  • Principles of Operation
  • Classification
  • Contrast/Negation
  • Comparison
  • Analogy
  • Examples
  • Illustrations
• Formula for Correct Grammar in Definitions


  term + class + distinguishing characteristics
• Asynchronous Instruction is an approach in which there is a delay between the presentation of content and the student response
• Smith (2024) uses the term Asynchronous Instruction is an approach in which there is a delay between the presentation of content and the student response
• According to Smith (2024), Asynchronous Instruction is an approach in which there is a delay between the presentation of content and the student response
• For Smith (2024), Asynchronous Instruction means an approach in which there is a delay between the presentation of content and the student response
• Asynchronous Instruction is defined by Smith (2024) as an approach in which there is a delay between the presentation of content and the student response
• Smith et al. (2024) stated that Asynchronous Instruction is an approach in which there is a delay between the presentation of content and the student response
• Research


  A systematic process of collecting data that produces new knowledge or innovation to address problems
• General Types of Research Report


  • Informational
  • Analytical
  • Persuasive
• Anatomy of Research Report


  • Title
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Method
  • Result and Discussion
  • References