Social science UCSP

• Political organization


  • Band (as political group)
  • Tribe
  • Chiefdoms
  • States
• Band


  • Least complex, smallest among the 4
  • Consist of only 20-50 individuals
  • People are related to one another
  • Foraging to their source of living
  • Combination of hunting and gathering
• Nomads


  • No permanent settlement
  • No leader, the eldest is the guide
  • Everyone is equal
• Reciprocity


  When they give something away, they expect something in return (exchange, e.g. barter)
• Tribe


  • No exact number, but hundreds of people
  • Less mobile, practicing permanent settlement
  • Horticultural and pastoral as source of living
  • Age doesn't matter, as long as you have the skills
• Chiefdoms


  • Bigger than tribe, community already composed of thousands of people
  • Leader is called Chief
  • Existence of social stratification, unequal access to resources
  • Has high class, middle, low class
• States


  • Composed of millions of hundreds of people
  • Has territory, has law
  • No barter, market exchange is buying and selling with money
  • Difficult to manage the people
• Constitution


  Set of laws that legally rule a country
• Each country has a constitution
• The Philippines has 18 articles in its 1987 constitution
• State


  • Political entity consisting of 4 elements: territory, sovereignty, government, people
• Domains of territory


  • Terrestrial (land)
  • Fluvial (water)
  • Aerial (airspace)
• Sovereignty


  Supreme power of a country, internal (inside territory) and external (outside territory)
• Government


  • Legislative branch makes laws (Congress divided into Senate and House of Representatives)
  • Executive branch enforces laws (President as head of state and government)
  • Judicial branch interprets laws (Supreme Court)
• Categories of authority


  • Legal authority (based on laws or constitution)
  • Traditional authority (based on tradition or inheritance)
  • Charismatic authority (based on influence and followers)
• Social sciences aim to understand how individuals interact with one another within their respective societies or cultures.
• The social sciences include anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology.