STS Midterm

• Scientific Revolution


  Period of enlightenment when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed society's views about nature
• Scientific Revolution

  • It enabled people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and way of life
  • It led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment of a strong foundation for modern science
• Nicolaus Copernicus

  His model of the universe placed the Sun as the centerpiece, with the orbits of Venus, Mercury, Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter in relation to the Earth's orbit
• Charles Darwin


  Famous for his theory of evolution, presented evidence on how species evolved over time and introduced the idea of all organic life, including humans, under the realm of evolutionary thinking
• Sigmund Freud


  Famous figure in psychology, developed the method of psychoanalysis focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man, which was effective in understanding some neurological conditions
• Maya civilization


  • Incorporated advanced astronomy into their temples and religious structures
  • Knew how to predict eclipses and use astrological cycles in planting and harvesting
  • Developed two complicated calendar systems
  • Developed technology for growing crops and building cities
  • Were one of the first to produce rubber products
  • Used a writing system called Mayan hieroglyphics
  • Independently developed the concept of zero and positional value
• Inca civilization


  • Developed roads paved with stones
  • Built stone buildings that withstood earthquakes
  • Had an irrigation system and technique for storing water
  • Had a calendar with 12 months
  • Invented the first suspension bridge and the quipu system of knotted ropes to keep records
• Aztec civilization


  • Had mandatory education for children regardless of social class, gender, or age
  • Developed chocolate
  • Used a type of antispasmodic medication
  • Developed the chinampa agricultural farming technique
  • Had an Aztec calendar to plan activities, rituals, and planting season
  • Invented the canoe
• Indian civilization


  • Developed the best iron steel in the Roman Empire
  • Practiced Ayurveda, a traditional medicine system
  • Discovered medicinal properties of plants
  • Described surgical and medical procedures in the Susruta Samhita
  • Developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the 360-day year
  • Standardized measurement of length with the Mohenjodaro ruler
  • Introduced trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra
• Chinese civilization


  • Discovered medical properties and uses of plants and animals to cure illness, including the practice of acupuncture
  • Invented the compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools
  • Invented the iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller
  • Designed different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility
  • Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, and used lunar calendars
• Muslim scholarship during the Golden Age of Islam


  • Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments rather than plain-thought experiments
  • Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light
  • Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm and the term algebra
  • Refined the number system with decimal point notation
  • Jābir ibn Hayyān is considered the "Father of Chemistry"
  • Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and conducted clinical trials
• African civilizations


  • Used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar
  • Benefited from iron technology from the Near East during the Bronze and Iron Ages
  • The Lebombo Bone is considered the oldest known mathematical artifact, dated from 35,000 BCE
  • Benefited from advanced mathematical learning such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry during the medieval period
  • Ancient Egyptians were good at the four fundamental mathematical operations and had knowledge of algebra and geometry, used in building structures like the pyramids
  • Egypt was a center of alchemy, the medieval forerunner of chemistry, and applied important components of examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for disease treatment
• Pre-Spanish Philippines


  • Had their own belief system and indigenous knowledge system
  • Observed science in interpreting heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years
  • Used science in planting crops, taking care of animals, and food production
  • Developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, and fighting enemies
  • Developed technologies in creating musical instruments
  • The Metal Age had a significant influence on their lives
• Spanish Era Philippines


  • The Spaniards established schools and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines, marking the beginning of formal science and technology
  • Filipinos developed ways to replicate Spanish technology using indigenous materials
  • Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities established by the Catholic orders
  • The galleon trade brought additional technology and development
• American Era Philippines


  • The Americans established the public education system, improved engineering works and health conditions
  • Reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in public and private schools
  • Established the University of the Philippines as a modern research university
• Subjects and disciplines


  The beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now as school of science and technology
• The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials
• Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities established by the Catholic orders
• The galleon trade had brought additional technology and development in the Philippines
• Filipino students who were able to study in Europe also contributed to the advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the country
• American Era


  The Americans established the public education system, and improved the engineering works and the health conditions of the people
• They reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in public and private schools
• They established a modern research university, the University of the Philippines
• They created more public hospitals than the former colonial master
• The mineral resources of the country were also explored and exploited during the American time
• Transportation and communication systems were improved, though not accessible throughout the country
• The Protestant church missions in different places in the country also brought hospitals and schools to far-flung areas
• World War II had destabilized the development of the country in many ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses were burned, and many lives were destroyed
• Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole nation had been focusing on using its limited resources in improving its science and technological capability
• Policies introduced by the Philippine government to boost science and technology

  • Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance
  • Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
  • Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
• Other existing programs supported by the Philippine government through the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)


  • Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology
  • Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of science and technology
  • Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System
  • Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and work in the Philippines
  • Developing science and technology parks in academic campuses to encourage academe and industry partnerships
  • The establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within the University of the Philippines campus in Diliman
• Capacity-building programs identified by the Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering (PAASE)


  • Establishment of national centers of excellence
  • Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP) to produce more PhD graduates in science and engineering
  • Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries
  • Establishment of science and technology business centers to assist, advise, and incubate technopreneurship ventures
  • Strengthen science education at an early stage through the Philippine Science High School system
• The current K to 12 education program includes Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
• The Commission on Higher Education has launched its Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project to strengthen the STEM competitiveness of the country
• The Philippine Congress has also created various laws related to science and technology. These laws vary according to different themes such as: conservation, health-related, technology-building, and supporting basic research, among others
• Some laws and policies are in line with international treaties such as: the United Nations (UN), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• Famous Filipinos in the field of science

  • Ramon Cabanos Barba
  • Josefino Cacas Comiso
  • Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.
  • Lourdes Jansuy Cruz
  • Fabian Millar Dayrit
  • Rafael Dineros Guerrero III
  • Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.
  • Lilian Formalejo Patena
  • Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz
  • Gregory Ligot Tangonan
• Other outstanding Filipino scientists recognized here and abroad

  • Caesar A. Saloma
  • Edgardo Gomez
  • William Padolina
  • Angel Alcala
• Science education


  Focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science
• Teaching science


  Exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes effectively