Chem Y10 U5 - Acids and bases

• The pH scale goes from 0 to 14.
• Alkaline solutions have a pH greater than 7.
• Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7.
• Neutral substances have a pH equal to 7.
• Strong acids are completely ionised, while weak acids only partially dissociate into H+ ions.
• An acid is a substance that donates protons (H+) to a solution.
• An alkaline is a substance that has a pH above 7.
• A base is a substance that can donate electrons, accept protons (H+), or release hydroxide (OH-) ions in an aqueous solution.
• Some acid properties are; sour taste, low pH, good conductors of electricity, react with metals to form hydrogen gas, and low melting and boiling points.
• Some base properties are; react with acids to form salts and water, soluble in water to form alkaline solutions, conduct electricity, bitter taste, and slippery feel.
• Strong acids and bases are completely ionized, meaning they fully dissociate into their ions, leading to strong electrical conductivity and extreme pH levels.
• Weak acids and bases only partially ionize, meaning they exist in equilibrium with their non-ionized forms. This results in weaker electrical conductivity and less extreme pH values.
• A neutralization reaction is a chemical process where an acid and a base react to form water and salts. They react in a specific ratio.
• When you experience indigestion or heartburn, it's often due to excess acid in your stomach. Antacids, like baking soda or calcium carbonate, neutralize this acid, providing relief.
• Shampoos are typically slightly basic, which can make your hair rough; conditioners are slightly acidic and help neutralize the shampoo, leaving your hair smooth and shiny.
• In displacement reactions, one element replaces another element in a compound.
• Precipitation reactions involve the formation of an insoluble solid (precipitate) from two soluble reactants in an aqueous solution.