2nd Psych Exam

• Explicit memory


  Knowledge/experiences that can be consciously remembered
• Types of explicit memory


  • Episodic
  • Semantic
• Recall memory test


  Measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered
• Recognition memory test


  Measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before
• Measures of relearning (or savings)


  Assess how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten
• Implicit memory


  • Procedural = often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things
  • Classical conditioning effects = we learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli with another stimulus, which creates a naturally occurring response
  • Priming = changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently
• Stages of memory


  • Sensory
  • Short-term
  • Long-term
• Iconic memory


  Visual sensory memory
• Echoic memory


  Auditory sensory memory
• Eidetic imagery


  Photographic memory = people can report details of an image over long periods of time
• Working memory


  Process used to make sense of/modify/interpret/store information in the short-term memory
• Central Executive


  Part of the working memory that directs attention and processing. Directs strategies for tasks
• Maintenance rehearsal


  Process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory. Prevents the decay of info from short-term memory by using working memory to rehearse it. Helps transfer info to long-term memory
• Chunking


  Process of organizing info into smaller chunks, increasing the number of items that can be held in short-term memory
• Memory processes


  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
• Elaborative Encoding


  Process new info in ways that make it more relevant/meaningful
• Self-Reference Effect


  Link to thoughts about the self
• Forgetting Curve


  Information that we've learned drops off rapidly with time
• Spacing Effect


  Information is learned better when studied in shorter periods spaced over time
• Overlearning


  Continue to learn even after we think we know the info
• Context-Dependent Retrieval


  Better retrieval when it occurs in the same situation in which we learned the material
• State-Dependent Retrieval


  Better retrieval when we're in the same psychological state as we were when we learned the material
• Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon


  We're certain we know something but can't quite come up with it
• Context-Dependent Learning


  Increase in retrieval when the external situation in which info is learned matches the situation in which it's remembered
• State-Dependent Learning


  Superior retrieval of memories when the individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding
• Serial Position Curve


  Pattern where people are able to retrieve more words presented to them at the beginning and end of the list than those in the middle
• Primacy effect


  Tendency to better remember stimuli presented early in a list
• Recency effect


  Tendency to better remember stimuli presented later in a list
• Retroactive Interference


  Learning something new impairs our ability to retrieve info that was learned earlier
• Proactive Interference


  Earlier learning impairs our ability to encode info that we learn later
• Categories


  Networks of associated memories that have features in common with each other
• Category prototype


  The most average/typical of the category
• Spreading Activation


  Occurs when activating one element of a category activates other associated elements
• Schemas


  Patterns of knowledge in long-term memory that help us organize info
• Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)


  Strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons as result of frequent stimulation
• Brain regions involved in memory


  • Hippocampus
  • Cortex
  • Cerebellum
  • Amygdala
• Retrograde amnesia


  Memory disorder that produces an inability to retrieve events that occurred before a given time
• Anterograde amnesia


  Inability to transfer info from short-term into long-term memory
• Cognitive biases


  Errors in memory or judgment that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes
• Source monitoring


  The ability to accurately identify the source of a memory