Boyle's Law

• Charles's Law

  Relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure of a gas
• Measurable properties of gases

  • Volume
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Amount of gas
• Volume


  The space occupied by a gas, expressed in milliliters (mL), cubic centimeters (cm3), cubic meter (m3), and liter (L)
• Pressure


  The force exerted by the gas per unit area, measured in Pascal (Pa)
• Temperature


  Depends on the kinetic energy of a gas, expressed in Fahrenheit (°F), Celsius (°C), and Kelvin (K)
• Amount of gas


  Related to the number of moles, calculated as the ratio of the mass of the gas and its molar mass (n=m/M)
• Jacques Alexandre Charles, a French physicist, performed an experiment using a balloon, hot water, and cold water
• Under normal atmospheric condition, there are only 11 elements that are gases. These includes diatomic molecules and noble gases
• Scientists have observed some activities involving gases and found that the behavior of gases is determined by the behavior of its individual particle
• Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)


  A simple model of an ideal gas or a theoretical gas, where the particles behave consistently and in a predictable manner
• Characteristics of gases according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory

  • Gases consist of very tiny particles, each of which has mass
  • Gas particles move rapidly in straight lines, travel constantly, and in random directions
  • Gases diffuse rapidly that allows two or more gases to mix readily when combined
  • The forces of attraction (Van der Waals Force) between the particles of gases are negligible because of the wide spaces between them
  • Gas particles collide with each other or with the walls of its container but do not lose their kinetic energy; instead, it is only transferred to the lower energy particle and will continue to move. energy is conserved in an elastic collision of gas particles
  • All gases have the same average kinetic energy at a given temperature of gas. The average kinetic energy of gas particles is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas
• The Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases provides a model to explain behavioral properties of gases
• Gas laws are products of various experiments that were done by scientists many years ago
• Boyle's Law


  Relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature
• Measurable properties of gases in Boyle's Law


  • Volume
  • Pressure
• Volume


  Denoted by the symbol V, with SI unit in Liter (L), can also be expressed in milliliters (mL), cubic meters (m3), and cubic centimeter (cm3)
• Pressure


  Denoted by the symbol P, the force exerted by the gas per unit area, depends on the kinetic energy of the molecules
• Pressure is directly proportional to temperature


  Gases expand when temperature is increased
• Boyle's Law


  When the pressure changes on a certain amount of gas, its size is inversely proportional to the pressure, provided that the temperature is constant
• Charles's Law


  The Kelvin temperature and the volume of a gas are directly related when there is no change in pressure
• Among the units of temperature, we always express it in Kelvin (K)
• Absolute zero


  The lowest attainable temperature, with a value of -273.15 °C
• Converting Celsius to Kelvin

  K = °C + 273.15
• Charles's law


  At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature
• If the absolute temperature of a gas is doubled

  The volume will be double
• Lord Kelvin, a Scottish physicist who has identified the lowest attainable temperature known as absolute zero with a value of -273.15 celsius.
• Living organisms produces inorganic molecules known as Biomolecules
• Monomers - are atoms that bond together in order to form more complex structures.
• sugars (monosaccharides) which is the most common natural monomer, it links to form polymer carbohydrates
• • amino acids - are the monomers that build a polymer called protein
• fatty acids- also known as lipids or fats have two different building blocks fatty acid and glycerol.
• nucleotides – are monomers that join together to form nucleic acid which contains genetic information the structural units of RNA and DNA, as well as providing an energy source in metabolism.
• Biomolecules

  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • protein
  • nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates are the major source of energy in our body. All carbohydrates contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen.
• 3 Main Groups of Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharide is white solid at room temperature and very soluble in water
• Glucose is found in the free state in the plant and animal tissue
• Triose is a monosaccharide with three carbon atoms
• Pentose and ribose are five carbon atoms
• Hexoses are made up of six atoms and are the most common monosaccharides.