English 4th quarter

• Bias


  An author's expression of his/her own opinion on a particular issue without examining and presenting enough evidences.
• When does an author become bias?


  An author becomes bias when he/she persuades the reader to believe on his/her own stand of the issue by giving inaccurate information or false impression even with or without the intention of misleading the readers.
• How to determine the author's biases

  • Evidences
  • Diction
• Literal


  When the words or phrases mean exactly what they are supposed to mean
• Figurative language


  A type of communication that does not use a word's strict or realistic meaning. Common in comparisons and exaggerations, figurative language is usually used to add creative flourish to written or spoken language or explain a complicated idea.
• Positive and negative messages in a text can be identified through


  • Explicit markers
  • Signal words/phrases/expressions
• Hyperbole


  The use of exaggeration or overstatement to emphasize a point
• Simile


  A comparison of two different things using as and like
• Metaphor


  A direct comparison of two different things. It does not use as and like.
• Euphemism


  A mild or indirect expression or word that substitutes a crude, blunt, vulgar, embarrassing, hurtful, or unpleasant word
• Sarcasm


  Used to either annoy or mock someone. The negative message hides in positive expressions.
• Proverb


  An old but familiar saying that usually gives advice. It contains counsel based on the general truth. It is usually a sentence and contains morals. The message makes one think of a good lesson to be applied in life.
• Idiom


  A phrase or expression whose meaning is different from the individual words. The meaning depends on the location and user. It is usually a phrase.
• refers to the words or expressions that help convey the stand of the author towards an issue. These words and expressions may indicate a positive or negative connotation or meaning.

  Diction
• Evidence


  can be in a form of facts and information, testimonies and direct observations, scientific and legal findings, and anecdotes and philosophical evidences.
• GRATEFUL

  APPRECIATE

  THANKS! is a example of what conotation?

  Positive signal words/phrases/expressions
• NEVER UNFRIEND DISGUST is an example of what conotation?


  Negative Conotation
• Literature


  Derived from the Latin word litaritura/litteratura which means "writing formed with letters"
• Types of Literature


  • Fiction
  • Nonfiction
• Fiction


  A type of literature that is a product of a writer's imagination, can be inspired by actual or completely made-up events, usually created through the use of clear details that we recognize or that move us in some ways
• Nonfiction


  A type of literature that is based on facts, writing about real people, places, and events which include biographies, auto-biographies, and interviews
• Elements of a Story


  • Setting
  • Plot
  • Character
  • Conflict
  • Point of View
  • Theme
• Setting

  The time and place in which the action of the story happens
• Plot


  An interrelated sequence of events in a story where each event affects the other, thus showing the cause-and-effect relationship
• Plot Elements


  • Exposition/Initial Action
  • Rising Action
  • Climax
  • Falling Action
  • Resolution/Denouement
• Climax


  The part of the story where the characters finally have to face and solve the major conflict, the "peak" of the plot or the highest point of interest where all the tensions of the rising action lead to the success or failure of the hero
• Falling Action


  Everything that happens after the climax but before the resolution, when the tension lessens and starts bringing the action to a close
• Resolution/Denouement


  The conclusion or ending of a story
• Character

  A person, an object, an animal, or imaginary creature personified in the story
• Types of Characters


  • Protagonist
  • Antagonist
• Conflict


  The problem that the main characters have to face
• Types of Conflict


  • Man vs. man
  • Man vs. self
  • Man vs. Nature
  • Man vs. supernatural •Man vs. Society
• Man vs. man


  The conflict of the story in which the struggle is between the protagonist and the antagonist, where the protagonist wants something and the antagonist obstructs the protagonist from getting what he wants
• Man vs. self


  A conflict that takes place within the character himself, often involving the character in making a decision between right and wrong
• Man vs. Nature


  The conflict where the protagonist, either alone or together with the other characters, is in direct opposition to the forces of nature, with some event or situation in the natural world causing a problem
• Man vs. supernatural


  A conflict that happens when the protagonist faces a struggle against a god, gods, and supernatural forces
• Point of View


  • First person
  • Third person
• Third Person


  The narrator is removed from the story and tells it from an outside perspective, using personal pronouns like "he," "she," and "they" to refer to the characters in the story
• Themes


  • Love
  • Redemption
  • Forgiveness
  • Coming of age
  • Revenge
  • Good vs Evil
  • Bravery
  • Survival