Paper 1 Geography

• Table of Contents


  • Chapter 1: Population & Settlement
  • Chapter 2: The Natural Environment
  • Chapter 3: Economic Development
• CIE IGCSE GEOGRAPHY//0460
• PAGE 2 OF 22
• Reasons for population explosion

  • Improved medical care
  • Improved sanitation and water supply
  • Improvements in food production
  • Improved transport
• Under-population


  When country has declined too much that it can't support its economic system
• Overpopulation


  Too much population of an area: overcrowding, depletion of resources
• Consequences of overpopulation


  • Unemployment
  • Shortage of hospitals/schools
  • Shortage of housing
  • Congestion
  • Inflation (excess demand)
  • Shortage of water & electricity
  • Noise, air & water pollution
• Consequences of underpopulation


  • Shortage of workers
  • Less paying taxes
  • Schools, hospitals & transport routes close; few customers
  • Less innovation/development
  • Hard to defend
  • Have to attract migrants
• Carrying Capacity


  Number of people the environment can support without there being negative effects to the population
• Optimum Population


  Amount of people that a region/country can ecologically support, usually less than carrying capacity
• Population Density


  Number of people living in a given area (km2)
• Population Distribution


  How a population is spread out around a country or an area
• Factors that contribute to population size


  • Migration
  • Birth rate
  • Death rate
  • Fertility rate
• Reasons for high death rates in LEDCs

  • Poor health care/few hospitals/doctors/nurses/clinics
  • Poor sanitation/hygiene/lack of toilets/dirty places
  • Poor access to safe/clean water/water borne diseases
  • Limited food supplies/malnutrition/starvation
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Natural disasters/drought/flood
  • Lack of vaccinations/medicines/cannot cure diseases
  • Lack of education about healthy lifestyles e.g. smoking/diet
  • Lack of provision for elderly e.g. pensions/old people's homes
• Reasons for low birth rates in MEDCs


  • Availability of contraception/family planning/abortions
  • Educated in contraception/family planning
  • Can afford contraception/family planning/abortions
  • Traditionally small families
  • Expense of bringing up children
  • Many women have careers/women are educated
  • Availability of pensions
  • Low infant mortality rate
  • Lack of religious beliefs/don't object to contraception
• HIV-1


  Arose in Central Africa
• HIV-2


  Arose in West Africa
• HIV mostly occurs in women
• When women give birth, they infect the child as well resulting in low death rate for infants
• Death rate of mothers results in a higher orphan generation
• Due to the countries being poor, there is a lack of state welfare, resulting in poverty and lack of education
• Internal migration


  Within a country e.g. rural/urban, regional
• External or international migration

  Between countries e.g. Negro slaves to America (forced) or Mexicans into the US (voluntary)
• Emigrant


  A person who leaves a country to migrate to another
• Immigrant


  A migrant arriving in a new country
• Push factors from origin

  • No job
  • Low salary
  • Pollution and congestion
  • Bad weather
  • Crime
  • Poor education and healthcare
  • Poor housing
• Pull factors of destination

  • Better job
  • Better salary
  • Better schools and hospitals
  • Peaceful and safe
  • Friends and family may already live their
• Involuntary (forced) Migration


  When people move because their life might be in danger
• Refugees


  A person who has been forced to leave their home and their country, may be due to a natural disaster, war, religious or political persecution
• Persecution


  When someone is attacked for what they believe in e.g. their religion or political belief
• Internally displaced person (IDP)

  When someone has been forced to leave their home but not their country
• Asylum Seekers


  Someone seeking refuge (residency) in a foreign country because their life is in danger in their home country
• Voluntary Migration


  When people chose to move, usually for economic benefit
• Reasons for voluntary migration


  • Employment
  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Recreation
• Advantages of losing country

  • Reduces pressure on resources
  • Decline in birth rate
  • Migrants bring back new skills
  • Money is sent back
• Disadvantages of losing country

  • Loss of people in working age
  • Loss of educated/skilled people
  • Division of families
  • Left with elderly population
• Advantages of gaining country

  • Overcomes labor shortage
  • Dirty unskilled jobs done
  • Will work long hours for low salary
  • Cultural advantages and links
• Disadvantages of gaining country


  • Pressure on jobs
  • Low quality & overcrowded housing
  • Racism
  • Language problems
  • Less healthy
  • Less religious amenities for immigrants
• Advantages for migrants themselves

  • Better jobs & economy
  • Better salary & access to wider variety of goods
  • Better access to education & healthcare
  • Safer & peaceful; can start a family
• Disadvantages for migrants themselves


  • Cost of housing & living may increase
  • Racism
  • Language barriers
  • Different culture may be difficult to integrate
  • No friends or family to help if necessary