MicroPara

• Pathology


  scientific study of disease.
• Pathology is concerned with


  etiology(cause) pathogenesis (development) effects of disease
• Infection


  invasion and growth of pathogens in the body
• Disease


  abnormal state in which part is incapable of performing normal functions
• Host


  organism that shelters and supports the growth of pathogens
• Microbial antagonism


  prevent pathogens from causing infection
• Symbiosis


  living together
• Three types of symbiosis


  commensalism, mutualism, parasitism
• Commensalism


  one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
• Mutualism

  both organisms benefit
• Parasistism


  One organism benefits and the other is harmed
• example of commensalism

  staphylococcus epidermidis
• example of mutualism

  e. coli
• example of parasitism


  Influenza virus
• Koch postulate


  1. suspected causative agent must be absent from all healthy organisms but present in all diseased

  2. causative agent must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture

  3. cultured agent must cause the same disease

  4. same causative agent must reisolated from inoculated, diseased
• Sign


  measurable changes
• Symptom


  subjective changes in body functions
• Syndrome


  specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific disease
• Communicable disease


  transmitted directly or indirectly from one host to another.
• Contagious Disease


  capable of spreading easily and rapidly from one person to another
• Non-communicable disease


  caused by microorganisms that normally grow outside the human body and are not transmitted from one host to another
• Classifying Infectious diseases


  1. occurrence of disease

  2. Severity or duration of disease

  3. extent of host involvement
• Incidence


  number of people contracting the disease
• Prevalence


  number of people with the disease in defined population in a specified time
• sporadic


  appearing or happening at irregular intervals in time
• Endemic


  occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
• Epidemic


  occurs when the communicable disease spreads rapidly from person to person and affects a large number of people at the same time
• Pandemic


  Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
• Severity or duration of disease


  Acute

  Latent

  Chronic

  Slow Virus Infection
• Herd immunity


  presence of immunity to a disease in most of the population
• Local Infection


  affects a small area of the body
• Systemic infection


  spread throughout the body via circulatory system
• Primary infection


  acute infection that causes the initial illness
• Secondary infection


  occur after the host is weakened from primary infection
• Subclinical or inapparent infection


  does not cause any signs or symptoms of disease in the host
• Predisposing Factors


  is one that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of a disease
• Reservoir of Infection


  continual source of infection
• Human Reservoir


  people who have a disease or are carriers of pathogenic
• Animal Reservoir


  Zoonoses are diseases that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans.
• Nonliving Reservoirs


  soil and water