PE: Fourth Quarter P2

•  Yosemite Decimal System (YDS)

  • Grades climbs
  • Based on techniques and physical challenges
•  National Climbing Classification System

  • Includes “commitment grade”
  • Considers length, difficulty, and route-finding
•  Mountaineering Classification Systems

  • Yosemite Decimal System (YDS)
  • National Climbing Classification Systems
•  Information Sources

   Websites and Guides

  • Detailed information on mountains and trails
  • Difficulty levels, estimated time, and environment
• Trekking

  • more rigorous, various terrains
• Hiking

  • less strenuous, shorter
•  History of Mountaineering

  • Started in 18th-century Alps
  • Recognized as a sport after 1850
  • Philippine history with Mt. Apo
•  Preparing for a Hike or Trek

  •  Physical Conditioning and Nutrition
  •  Trip Planning and Essentials
  •  Basic Hiking Skills
•  Physical Conditioning and Nutrition

  • Regular exercise and strength training
  • Balanced diet and hydration
•  Trip Planning and Essentials

  • Research, weather checks, and route planning
  • Backpack, footwear, trekking poles, and first-aid kit
•  Basic Hiking Skills

  • Setting the pace and rhythm
  • Taking breaks
•  Health Benefits of Hiking or Trekking

  • Cardiovascular fitness
  • Strengthening of bones and muscles
•  Guidelines and Emergency Plans

  • Hike with company
  • Stay within abilities
  • Follow directions
  • Adhere to laws
  • Know standard operating procedures
• Utilization of a small cauldron-shaped bell to retrieve air underwater


  1300s
• Introduction of Edmund Halley's improved bell with trapped air


  1690
• Development of John Lethbridge's "diving engine" with compressed air


  1715
• Adaptation of Charles Anthony Deane's "smoke mask" for firefighters, transforming it into diving equipment


  1823
• The invention of William James's first functional scuba gear with a 450 psi air reservoir


  1825
• Completion of Augusts Siebel's closed suit to complement Deane's diving helmet


  1837
• Establishment of the Royal Navy's first diving school


  1843
• Innovation of the Aerophore by Frenchmen Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze


  1866
• The creation of Henry A. Fleuss's self-contained diving apparatus using pressurized oxygen


  1876
• Redesign of the car regulator by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, revolutionizing modern scuba diving


  1943
•  Why Snorkeling?

  • Leisure and Exploration
  • Rescue Operations and Mental Health
•  For Leisure and Exploration

  • allows people to enjoy underwater wonders
  • explore the beauty of marine environments
  • allows individuals to observe and appreciate marine life beneath the water's surface
  • offers opportunity to participate in underwater sports and activities that provide both recreation and excitement
• For Rescue Operations and Mental Health

  • water-based rescue teams use it for efficient underwater search and rescue operations
  • improves individual's mood and mental well-being
•  Benefits of Snorkeling

  • Physical Health
  • Body Workout
• Physical Health

  • enhances overall fitness
  • boosts aerobic health
  • strengthens heart muscles
• Body Workout

  • engages various muscles
  • improves lung function
•  Basic Equipment in Snorkeling (7)

  • fins
  • snorkel
  • snorkel vests
  • skin protection
  • swimming cap
  • mask
  • mask defogger
•  Tips for Choosing a Mask

  • fits face shape properly
  • check mask's skirt
  • perform suction test to ensure a secure fit
  • test for comfort
  • check the seal to prevent water leakage
• Parts of Mask

  • skirt
  • strap
  • nose pocket cushion
• Mask Skirt

  • made up of soft material wrapped around face
• Strap

  • stable mask on face
• Nose Pocket Cushion

  • protect nose
• Pulge Valve

  • present in some
  • eliminates water
  • prevent suffocation
• Role and Skills

  • Leading aquatic enthusiasts
  • Planning safe activities
  • Knowledgeable about local underwater attractions
• Fitness Requirements

  • Excellent physical condition
  • Aerobic exercises, swimming, running
• Battle of Manila Bay (1898)

  • significant event in Philippine maritime history
  • took place during Spanish-American War
  • resulted in the victory of US Navy over Spanish fleet
  • marked the end of Spanish colonization
  • beginning of American rule
  • highlights the strategic importance of the country's aquatic landscape in shaping its historical and political trajectory