Ucsp

• Social Phenomena


  Any observable pattern of behavior, thought, or action that occurs within a society or group of people
• Examples of Social Phenomena

  • Bayanihan
  • Community Quarantine
  • Inflation
  • Fashion
  • Unemployment
  • Political Dynasty
• Is Covid 19 a social phenomena?
• Society


  Constitutes a fairly large number of people; who are living in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture. Community is one of the common examples of a society.
• Culture


  Refers to the total lifestyle of people. Including all ideas, values, knowledge, behaviors and material objects that every member shares.
• Politics


  Refers to the use of power to determine whose values will predominate, how rewards and resources will be allocated and the manner in which conflicting interest in society will be resolved. It is about how a group of people achieve their wants through the use of power. In order to pursue happiness for the people, society uses power in the manner of creating and implementing rules. Through this, everyone's lives, liberty, properties, and rights will not be violated. Thus, happiness among individuals is preserved.
• Sociology


  The scientific study of the society which necessarily entails the study of all human activities in the society. It deals with relationships within individuals, how individuals and society affect others, the composition of a group of individuals, and the changes within society.
• Anthropology


  The scientific study of human beings and their humanity through the examination of a people's biological and cultural background. It studies the different sides of humans in terms of physical composition, culture, and language, and how humans of a particular society differ from other humans in other societies. It also examines how humans develop through time.
• Political Science


  Deals with the systematic study of government and politics. Its primary goal is to study how the power is formed in a group of people, how the power is utilized and exercised by the ones who possess it, and the impacts of power to the people.
• Why do we need to study culture, society, and politics?
• Culture


  The term culture refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs, and physical objects that are passed down from generation to generation among members of a group. Culture helps to explain human social behavior.
• Elements of Culture

  • Knowledge
  • Beliefs
  • Values
  • Technology
  • Social Norms
• Types of Social Norms

  • Folkways
  • Mores
  • Laws
  • Taboos
• Aspects of Culture

  • Symbolic
  • Learned
  • Shared
  • Influences Biological
  • Process
  • Uses
• Layers of Culture

  • Cultural Universals
  • Mainstream Culture
  • Subculture
  • Counterculture

  
• Xenocentrism


  The perception that one's own culture is comparatively inferior to others. For them, products, styles or ideas of foreigners are better than their own.
• Ethnocentrism


  The perception and assumption through comparison that one's own culture is far more advanced or superior to another.
• Cultural Relativism


  The idea that we should understand and judge a culture based on its own beliefs and values, without using our own cultural standards. It means recognizing that different cultures have their own reasons and ways of doing things, and we should respect and appreciate this diversity rather than imposing our own views.

  
• Behavior is both determined by nature and nurture. However, it is reinforced through socialization and enculturation.
• Socialization


  Lifelong process of interaction by which human potential develops through learning the culture in general.
• Enculturation


  Lifelong process of learning culture through interaction.
• Cultural relativism


  Recognizing that different cultures have their own reasons and ways of doing things, and respecting and appreciating this diversity rather than imposing our own views
• Behavior of an individual


  Can be acquired through nature or nurture
• Sociobiology


  Genetic composition includes information that describes characteristics of an individual, including behavior
• Social Psychology


  Individuals learn how to develop self, including behavior of the self, through socialization
• Behavior is both determined by nature and nurture, but reinforced through socialization and enculturation
• Socialization


  Lifelong process of interaction by which human potential develops through learning the culture in general
• Enculturation


  Lifelong process of learning culture through interaction with others
• Example of enculturation


  • A child learning dining etiquette through repeated exposure and reinforcement from their family
• Functions of Socialization / Enculturation

  • Personality and role development
  • Skills development and training
  • Values formation
  • Social integration and adjustment
  • Social control and stability
• Agents of Socialization

  • Family
  • School
  • Peer groups
  • Church
  • Workplace
  • Media
• Freudian Theory of Identity Formation


  Identity is based on the interaction of Id and Superego (pleasure v. social norms), with the Ego determining reality
• Cognitive Development Theory of Identity Formation


  Identity is based on the development of mental capacity through stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
• Looking Glass Self Theory of Identity Formation


  Identity is based on how others perceive us and the judgments they make about us
• Dramaturgical Theory of Identity Formation


  Identity is based on how we impress others through altering our presentation of self, with front stage and backstage
• Collective Behavior


  Spontaneous emergence of behavior by a group of people, characterized as emergent, unstructured, and transitory
• Forms of Collective Behavior

  • Mass behavior (e.g. fads, craze, mass hysteria)
  • Crowd behavior (e.g. expressive crowd on concerts, acting crowd during rallies)
  • Social movement (e.g. revolutionary movements, reform movements)
• Conformity


  The tendency for an individual to align their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people around them
• Informational influence


  People change their behavior in order to be correct
• Normative influence


  People change their behavior to avoid punishments and gain rewards