Geography paper 2

• What is development?


  The progress of economic growth, use of technology and welfare in a country.
• What type of factors affect the level of development in a country?


  - Environmental factors (e.g. natural hazards)

  
  

  - Economic factors (e.g. trade / debt)

  
  

  - Social factors (e.g. safe water / education)

  
  

  - Political factors (e.g. government stability / war)
• What is the development gap?

  The difference in the standard of living between the richest and poorest countries of the world.
• What does GNI stand for?

  Gross National Income.
• What is GNI?


  The total value of goods and services produced by a country and the amount of money earned from other countries.
• What are the four levels of income that the World Bank uses to divide countries into?

  High, higher middle, lower middle and low.
• What are some examples of high income countries?

  - U.S.A.

  
  

  - Saudi Arabia / U.A.E.

  
  

  - Norway / Sweden
• What are some examples of higher middle income countries?


  - Russia / China / India

  
  

  - Canada / Brazil / Mexico

  
  

  - U.K. / France / Spain

  
  

  - South Africa / Algeria / Australia
• What are some examples of lower middle income countries?


  - Bolivia / Guyana / Nicaragua

  
  

  - Sudan / Angola / Nigeria

  
  

  - Thailand / Papua New Guinea / Pakistan
• What are some examples of low income countries?


  Afghanistan / Mali / Chad / Tanzania.
• What does PPP stand for?

  Purchasing Power Parity.
• What does NEE stand for?

  Newly Emerging Economies.
• What are NEEs?


  Countries that are currently experiencing higher rates of economic growth and growth of industry.
• What are some examples of NEEs?


  Brazil / Russia / China / Indonesia / Nigeria.
• What are the MINT countries?


  Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey.
• What are the BRICS countries?


  Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, China and South Africa.
• What does HDI stand for?


  Human Development Index.
• What type of development indicator is GNI?

  An economic indicator.
• What type of development indicator is HDI?

  A social indicator.
• What does HDI measure?


  Life expectancy, number of years in education and GNI per head.
• What is the range for the HDI scale?

  0 (the lowest) to 1 (the highest).
• What are some examples of countries that are very high on the HDI scale?


  - Canada / U.S.A. / Argentina

  
  

  - U.K. / France / Norway

  
  

  - Saudi Arabia / Australia / Japan
• What are some examples of countries that are high on the HDI scale?


  - Brazil / Peru / Mexico

  
  

  - Russia / China / Iran

  
  

  - Algeria / Libya / Oman
• What are some examples of countries that are medium on the HDI scale?


  - Bolivia / Paraguay / Nicaragua

  
  

  - Egypt / South Africa / Botswana

  
  

  - India / Mongolia / Indonesia
• What are some examples of countries that are low on the HDI scale?

  - Sudan / Nigeria / Mozambique

  
  

  - Pakistan / Afghanistan / Papua New Guinea
• What quality of life measures do GNI and HDI not measure?


  - Safety, security and freedom of citizens

  
  

  - Happiness

  
  

  - Women's rights and vote
• What is birth rate?


  The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year.
• What will happen to the birth rate as a country develops?

  It will decrease as women will more likely be educated and get a career rather than marrying earlier and having children.
• What is death rate?

  The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
• Why is death rate an unreliable development indicator?

  Both HICs and LICs can have high death rates; HICs because of their high elderly population and LICs because of disease or famines.
• What is infant mortality rate?

  The number of babies that die under 1 year old per thousand babies born per year.
• What does infant mortality rate indicate?

  The quality of the country's healthcare system.
• What does doctors per 1,000 people indicate?

  The amount of money the country spends of medical services.
• What is literacy rate?

  The percentage of adults that can read and write.
• What does literacy rate indicate?

  The quality of the country's education system.
• What does a high percentage of the population in access to safe water indicate?

  The quality of the country's modern infrastructure (e.g. dams / water treatment plants).
• What factors limit the usefulness of economic and social measures of development?


  - Data could be outdated / hard to collect

  
  

  - Data may be unreliable

  
  

  - They give an average so don't show regional variations
• What does DTM stand for?

  Demographic Transition Model.
• What does the DTM show?

  The change over time of the country's population.
• What is the gap between birth and death rate on the DTM called?


  Natural change.