pe gcse Cambridge

• Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs)


  Chemical substances that change the chemical balance of the body when taken, affecting the performers ability and providing an unfair advantage when performing
• Doping


  The use of illegal substances (PEDs) by athletes or sports performers in order to improve their performances
• Ethical


  To do with morals or principles; ethical behaviour involves high moral standards, being honest and following the correct code of conduct
• Reasons for use of performance enhancing drugs


  • To recover quickly or mask the pain
  • To calm themselves before an event
  • To build muscle faster than in training
  • To improve their performance
• Types of PEDs


  • Beta blockers
  • Anabolic steroids
  • Diuretics
  • Stimulants
• Blood doping


  Blood is taken 3-4 weeks before competition, usually at a point where haemoglobin levels are high. The blood is frozen to maintain the high haemoglobin levels that will produce more red blood cells. One or 2 days before competition, the blood is thawed and then reintroduced to the performer via a blood transfusion. This will increase the number of red blood cells in the body and the capacity to carry more oxygen. The performers aerobic capacity is increased and they can perform for longer without fatigue.
• Negative effects of blood doping


  • Blood becomes more viscous (thicker)
  • Increased chance of heart attack, strokes, pulmonary embolism (clot on the lung)
  • Risk of infection (when sharing blood)
  • Kidney disease
• Real risk


  The amount of danger that actually exist in the activity
• Perceived risk


  An individual's subjective or personal judgement about the dangers of an activity
• Risk assessment


  A process used to evaluate the real risks involved in an activity
• Risks are caused by


  • Weather
  • Limited level of skills
  • Behaviour of others and yourself
  • Limited fitness
  • Lack of preparation
• Steps that can be taken to reduce risks


  • Wearing protective clothing and footwear to prevent injuries
  • Lifting and carrying equipment safely and correctly
  • Maintaining a hydrated body during an activity
• Minor injuries


  Injuries that can be dealt with at the scene of their incident by a first aider, such as cuts, bruises or gazes
• Tidal capacity


  The volume of air that you inhale during normal, resting breathing. It is the difference between the volume of air in your lungs at the end of a normal exhalation and the volume of air in your lungs at the end of a normal inhalation. Tidal capacity can increase with exercise, as your body requires more oxygen to meet the demands of increased physical activity.
• Vital capacity


  The maximum amount of air that you can breathe out after taking the deepest breath possible. It is the difference between the volume of air in your lungs at the end of a forced inhalation and the volume of air in your lungs at the end of a forced exhalation. Vital capacity is an important measure of lung function and can be affected by conditions such as asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory diseases.
• Minute ventilation


  The volume of air that you breathe per minute. It is calculated by multiplying your respiratory rate (the number of breaths you take per minute) by your tidal volume (the volume of air that you inhale with each breath). Minute ventilation increases with exercise, as your body requires more oxygen to meet the demands of increased physical activity.
• Residual volume


  The volume of air that remains in your lungs after you have exhaled as much as possible. It is the volume of air that is left in your lungs after a forced exhalation. Residual volume is important because it helps to keep your airways open and prevents them from collapsing.
• Heart size increase (hypertrophy)


  Result of regular exercise due to increased workload on heart muscle, leading to enlargement of individual heart muscle cells and improved cardiovascular function.
• Lower resting heart rate (bradycardia)


  Consequence of regular exercise due to increased heart efficiency, resulting in a decrease in resting heart rate and indicating good cardiovascular health.
• Carbohydrate loading


  
  
• A strategy used by endurance athletes to maximize their carbohydrate stores in the muscles and liver.
• High-protein diet


  
  
• A diet that is high in protein and low in carbohydrates, often used by bodybuilders and other athletes trying to gain muscle and lose fat.
• A strategy used to create a negative energy balance, which can lead to weight loss.
• Reduction of calorie intake


  
  
• Hydration

  
  
• Energy balance


  
  
• The balance between the energy you consume and the energy you expend.