History Unit 3

• Main causes of crime over time


  • Technological change
  • Broad social change
  • Growing population
  • Rising inequality
  • Landowners enclosing land
  • Dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII
  • Poverty and unemployment
  • Political and religious unrest
• Wales did not experience any major rebellions compared to England
• Religious change also affected crime in Wales, with Catholics being persecuted under Elizabeth I
• Examples of crime in Wales


  • Poaching
  • Smuggling
  • Riots over enclosure of common land
• In the early 20th century, crime in Wales was linked to poor housing, working conditions and general rural poverty
• In the late 20th century, crime in Wales included football hooliganism, drug-related crime and racial attacks
• Types of crime in the Early Modern Period


  • Vagrancy
  • Robbery
  • Smuggling
  • Poaching
• Types of crime in the Industrial Period

  • Highway robbery
  • Smuggling
  • Riots
• Types of crime in the Modern Period


  • Organised crime
  • Drug-related crime
  • Terrorism
  • Cybercrime
• Responsibility for enforcing law and order


  • In the Early Modern Period, it was the responsibility of Justices of the Peace and parish constables
  • In the Industrial Period, professional police forces were established
  • In the Modern Period, there has been an emphasis on community policing and crime prevention
• In Wales, policing was organised on the English model after the Acts of Union in 1536-43
• The first professional police force in Wales was established in Glamorgan in 1842
• In the late 20th century, Welsh police forces were reorganised into four regional forces
• Methods of combating crime over time


  • Hue and cry
  • Thief-takers
  • Bow Street Runners
  • Professional police forces
  • Developments in forensics and technology
• By the late 19th century, most counties in Wales had established their own police forces
• Changes in attitudes to punishment over time


  • Retribution
  • Deterrence
  • Rehabilitation
  • Restorative justice
• In the Early Modern Period, punishments were harsh, including public execution, whipping and the stocks
• In the 19th century, there was a move towards punishment as a deterrent rather than just retribution
• In the 20th and 21st centuries, there has been a greater emphasis on rehabilitation and restorative justice
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