EXAM REVIEWER

• Typhoon

  • It is a mature tropical cyclone.
  • General: intense low-pressure wind system with heavy rain
  • Max. surface wind = 118-220 kph
• Hurricane 

  1. North Atlantic Ocean, 
  2. (North portion) Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean

  Typhoon

  1. Northwest Pacific Ocean

  Tropical Cyclones

  1. South(western) Pacific Ocean
  2. Indian Ocean
• Tropical Depression

  (TD)

  Max. Surface Wind = up to 60 kph
• Tropical Storm

  (TS)

  Max. Surface Wind = 61-88 kph
• Severe Tropical Storm (STS)

  Max. Surface Wind = 89-117 kph
• Typhoon (TY)

  Max. Surface Wind = 118-220 kph
• Super Typhoon 

  (STY)

  Max. Surface Wind = more than 220 kph
• Eye

  center; calmest part 

  Eyewall

  around eye; strongest winds & rains

  Rainbands

  areas of rainfall; composed of inner and outer
• Conditions to Form Typhoon            

  C-luster of thunderstorms

  W-arm ocean water

  C-onverging winds

  R-otation of earth
• Landfall

  • when a typhoon moves over land
  • RESULT: it becomes weaker
• PAGASA

  (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration)
• Duties:

  1. Names tropical cyclones
  2. Weather forecasts
  3. Scientific estimate of future weather condition
  4. Cloudiness, rainfall & wind
  5. Sharing other weather-related information
• Signal No. #1

  Lead time: 36

  Winds: 30-60

  Impact: None-light 

  School Suspension: Preschool
• Signal No. : #2

  Lead Time: 24

  Winds: 61-120

  Impact: Light-moderate

  School Suspension: Preschool, Elementary & Secondary
• Signal No. : #3

  Lead Time: 24

  Winds: 121-170

  Impact: Moderate-Heavy

  School Suspension: All Levels
• Signal No. : #4

  Lead Time: 18

  Winds: 171-220

  Impact: Heavy-Very Heavy

  School Suspension: All Levels
• Signal No. : #5

  Lead Time: 12

  Winds: More than 220

  Impact: Very Heavy - Widespread

  School Suspension: All Levels
• YELLOW WARNING

  Within 1 hr:

  7.5-15mm rain

  Continue in next hrs

  Flooding is possible.

  Monitor weather condition
• ORANGE WARNING

  Within 1 hr:

  15-30mm rain

  Continue in 2 hrs

  Flooding is threatening.

  Be alert for possible evacuation
• RED WARNING

  Within 1 hr:

  More than 30mm rain

  Continue in next 2hrs

  Serious flooding is expected.

  Evacuate and pack important things
• Signs of Approaching Typhoon

  (Increasing) W-ave height & frequency

  (Increasing) C-loudiness

                         F-alling air pressure

                         H-eavy rainfall
• Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)

  • Boundary nearest to Philippine islands
  • If typhoons enter the PAR, it will affect our country
  • Includes Taiwan
• Coordinates:

  5°N, 115°E

  15°N , 115°E

  21°N, 120°E

  25°N, 120°E

  25°N, 135°E

  5°N, 135°E
• Astrology

  • Belief that the position of objects in space affect people’s personality and lives
• Astronomy

  • Study of everything in the universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere
• Uses of Constellations

  Constellation : groups of stars.

  BEFORE

  1. Religion
  2. Believed to be their God’s way of telling stories
  3. Ex: the Star of Bethlehem
  4. Calendar & Navigation Tool
  5. Used to know when to plant crops and harvest them

  NOW

  1. Landmark
  2. Since they’re in a fixed location: they are used as landmarks
• Comets

  1. Definition

  • Orbits the sun
  • Made up of ice, rock & dust
  • Greek: kometes = “long-haired star”
  • frozen leftovers from the formation of solar system
  • Nicknames
  • Dirty snowballs
  • Fossils of the solar system

  1. Beliefs

  • Appearance of a comet is a sign of destructive & tragic events 
  • Philippines: bad luck
• Classification

  Long-Period

  Oort Cloud

  Short-Period

  Kuiper Belt
• Nucleus

  solid center

  Made of rock, dust, ice
• Coma

  cloudlike; around nucleus

  Formed when ice->gas

  as the comet gets closer to sun
• Tails

  1. Dust Tail

  Sun’s radiation pushes dust away from coma

  1. Ion Tail

  Sun’s charged particles convert the comet’s gas -> ions
• Meteoroid

  1. Definition

  • Orbits the sun
  • Small chunk of rock/metal
  • Comes from asteroids or comets
  • Greek: meteoros = “high in the air”
• Beliefs

  • When you make a wish upon a meteor, it would come true
  • Philippines: bad luck
• Types of Meteoroids

  STONY

  Rocky silicates

  (75%-90%)

  With minerals
• Types of Meteoroids

  IRON

  Mix of metal

  Nickel and iron
• Types of Meteoroids

  
  

  STONY IRON Mix of metal and rock

  
  

  Combo of stony + iron meteoroids
• Meteoroid

  - Space debris

  - Rocky & metallic; found in outer space
• Meteor

  • Enters Earth’s atmosphere
  • Burns up and creates streak of light
• Meteorite

  • Reaches Earth’s surface
• Asteroid

  Defenition

  • Orbits the sun
  • (small/large) rocky object
  • Greatly varies in size
  • Responsible for wiping out most of the dinosaur species
  • Greek: asteroeides = “starlike”
  • Remnants of the formation of solar system