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• Properties of a well-written text


  • Organization
  • Coherence and cohesion
  • Language use
  • Mechanics
• Text


  Written material or piece of writing such as an article, essay, book, magazine, or newspaper
• Organization


  • Structural framework for writing
  • Ideas are accurately and logically arranged
  • Achieved through text structure, signal words, and physical format
• Text structure


  1. Beginning

  2. Middle

  3. End
• Different narrative and expository genres have different purposes and different audiences, so they require different text structures
• Three major parts of a text


  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Conclusion
• Coherence


  Overall sense of unity in a text
• Cohesion


  Connection of ideas both at the sentence level and at the paragraph level
• Techniques to achieve coherence and cohesion


  • Transitions
  • Repetitions
  • Synonyms
  • Pronouns
  • Parallel structures
• Language use


  • Appropriateness of word/vocabulary usage
  • Enables effective communication of ideas
• Characteristics of effective language

  • Concrete and specific, not vague and abstract
  • Concise, not verbose
  • Familiar, not obscure
  • Precise, not ambiguous
  • Constructive, not destructive
  • Appropriately formal
• Mechanics


  Conventions that have to be considered in writing, such as spelling, punctuation, and capitalization
• To prevent confusion, it is necessary to know and follow the conventions in writing