new bio

• the tube that the filtrate flows through is called a nephron
• the juxtamedullary nephron extends deep into the medulla in mammals and helps make hyperosmotic filtrate
• in the proximal tubule the filtrate volume decreases
• in the proximinal tubule the filtrate's osmolarity stays the same
• in the descending portion of the loop of henle the filtrate becomes more concentrated because water is lost osmotically
• if the filtrate in the descending loop of henle is 300 mOsm/L and the interstitial fluid around the loop is 400 then the net movement of water will be out of the filtrate
• if the filtrate in the ascending portion of the loop of henle (still in the inner medulla) is 1200 mOsm/L and the surrounding interstitial fluid is 1000 mOsm/L the salts will move out of the filtrate
• in the ascending portion of the loop of henle in the inner medulla salts move out of the filtrate
• in the ascending portion of the loop of henle in the outer medulla salts move out the filtrate via active transport
• in the distal tubule the filtrate becomes more concentrated and the volume decreases
• the filtrate is most concentrated in the bottom of the loop of henle
• the interstitial fluid is the most concentrated in the inner medulla
• antibodies in bodily fluid are an an example of humoral and adaptive immunity
• the net movement of water through a permeable membrane will be from the hypoosmotic solution to the hyperosmotic solution
• do freshwater fish need to drink water?

  no
• what form of nitrogenous waste is most common in animals with an amniotic egg?

  uric acid
• antibodies are part of the adaptive immune response
• vaccine stimulate b cells to make antibodies and create a memory of the antigen
• vaccines prepare your body for exposure to a pathogen and reduce disease
• vaccines can be full dead viruses, particular antigens on a pathogen, rna to make the antigen, or not the pathogen itself
• ancestral antigens are used in vaccines when information about the genomes and genes of specific strains of flu
• if the earth were a flat disk there would be a lack of variety of biomes
• air and water particles are moving west to eat at a faster velocity at zero degrees
• warm wet biomes are located at zero degrees
• deserts are located at thirty degrees latitude on western sides because dry air cells return to earth and create a high pressure system
• latitude is not the best predictor of climate in oceans
• warm ocean currents run past the east side of continents
• in a temperate lake dissolved oxygen in the benthos will be the lowest in the summer
• in a temperate lake dissolved nutrients in the surface will be the lowest in the summer
• deep water hypoxia in a temperate lake is found in the summer
• populations grow when births>deaths and immigration>emigration
• when death rate>birth rate, r<0
• as N approaches zero, dN/dt=rN
• as N approaches K, dN/dt=0
• humans show exponential growth
• the logistic model has a carrying capacity
• the logistic model has intraspecific competion
• example of a community

  all trees on campus
• the logistic model accounts for limiting resources
• example of competition

  blue jay and squirrel both consume acorns