Contempo

• Globalization


  The conglomeration of historical, political, cultural, and economic forces that have worked in concert with media from the dawn of time to our present day
• Humans are not aware that they are globalizing and always communicate through media, though they have not used that word
• Media


  A means of conveying something, as a channel of communication
• Stages of media evolution


  • Oral
  • Script
  • Printing press
  • Electronic
  • Digital
• Oral communication


  • Language allowed humans to cooperate
  • Sharing information about land, water, climate, and weather aided humans' ability to travel and adapt to different environments
  • Sharing information about tools and weapons led to the spread of technology
  • Language helped humans move, but it also helped them settle down
  • Language stored and transmitted important agricultural information across time as one generation passed on its knowledge to the next, leading to the creation of villages and towns
  • Language also led to markets, the trade of goods and services, and eventually into cross-continental trade routes
• Script


  The very first writing allowed humans to communicate and share knowledge and ideas over much larger spaces and across much longer times
• Printing press


  • It made fast the production and copying of the documents in a cheaper cost hence it became affordable to the common people as it provides literacy to them
  • Information was not already controlled by the rich and the powerful
  • The activities of reading and writing were not only for the ruling and religious elite hence, the spread of civilization was not only coming from the powerful but even from the common people
  • The explosive flow of economic, cultural, and political ideas around the world connected and changed people and cultures in ways never before possible
• Electronic media


  • The telegraph allowed information to be transmitted almost in real-time
  • The telephone transmitted speech over distance
  • Radio was used for propaganda and communication during wartime
  • Film captured powerful narratives that resonated within and across cultures
  • Television brought the world into people's homes
• Digital media


  • Global trading happens 24 hours a day
  • Computers allow citizens access to information from around the world
  • It transformed cultural life, allowing people to adopt and adapt new practices in music, sports, education etc.
• It is difficult to imagine globalization occurring without the media that are so crucial to human life
• Global imaginary


  The globe itself as an imagined community
• Rizal's writings played a crucial role in the Filipino's concept of the nation
• Global village


  Media have connected the world in ways that create a sense of community, kinship, cooperation, and fraternity
• However, media technology has also been used in harmful ways
• Nation


  Concept of the nation in the Philippines was when Dr. Jose Rizal spread the concept of being a Filipino through his writings Noli Me Tanghere and El Filibusterismo
• Rizal's writings


  • Sparked an "imagine community" of common origin who need to experience reform from the Spanish government
  • Played a crucial role in the Filipino's concept of the nation
• Arjun Appadurai (1996): 'Imagination is not a trifling fantasy but a 'social fact' and a 'staging ground for action''
• Marshall McLuhan (1060s)


  Media have connected the world in ways that create a 'global village'
• Media


  Responsible for transforming the world into a global village with high hopes that the global village evokes community, kinship, cooperation, and fraternity
• Lewis Mumford (1970)


  • Found utopian hope in media technology
  • Watched with dismay as media technology was used instead for capitalism, militarism, profit, and power
• The media have made economic globalization possible by creating the conditions for global capitalism and by promoting the conceptual foundation of the world's market economy
• Media make capitalism seem not only natural but necessary to modern life
• Robert McChesney (2001): 'Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible without a global commercial media system to promote global markets and to encourage consumer values'
• Edward Herman (1997): 'Global media are 'the new missionaries of global capitalism''
• Modern media are the epitome of economic globalization
• The media oligopoly is not interested in the ideology of the global village or the evangelizing of cultural values. It is only interested in one thing, profit
• The normative framework necessary for the legitimization of policies that transformed the media across Europe, redefined the public in its relation to the media, as consumers of media services and accumulators of cultural goods, rather than as members of an informed and active citizenry
• A 'culture industry,' which produced mindless entertainment, had great social, political, and economic importance. Such entertainment can distract audiences from critical thinking, sapping time, and energy from social and political action
• Transnational conglomerates encouraged people to think of products not politics. They are consumers not citizens
• The oligopoly's single-minded interest in profits results in mass content rather than local content
• The 'mass production of ignorance' as local media outlets carry the mass-produced content of their conglomerates owners rather than producing homegrown programming on public affairs and issues
• Events surrounding the terrorist bombing of the World Trade Center, and the subsequent wars in Afganistan and Iraq, would combine with the explosion of new media to produce a wealth of coverage, but 'How Could So Much Produce So Little'
• Individual journalists are subject to brutal and intense intimidation as more actors contend for power
• The journalists die without justice as fewer than 15 percent of the murders of journalists are solved or prosecuted
• Globalization has made the world a harrowing place for journalists
• Cultural Differentialism


  • Cultures are different, strong, and resilient. It can suggest that cultures are destined to clash as globalization continually brings them together
• Cultural Convergence


  • Globalization will bring about a growing sameness of cultures. But some fear about global culture will overtake many local cultures. The result will be a worldwide, homogenized, Westernized culture
• Cultural Hybridity


  • Globalization will bring about an increasing blending or mixture of cultures, leading to the creation of new and surprising cultural forms
• The disappearance of hundreds of languages, as a few languages become dominant
• Globalization has increased the frequency of contact among cultures, giving rise to the term 'glocalization'