CHAPTER 1 - BIO 213

• Anatomy


  scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
• Physiology


  scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
• Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy


  structures examined without a microscope
• Regional Anatomy


  examines all structure within a specific area of the body
• systemic anatomy


  studied system by system
• Surface Anatomy


  Examines the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body
• developmental anatomy


  studies changes in anatomy that occur throughout the course of development
• Microscopic Anatomy


  structures seen with the microscope
• Cytology


  cellular anatomy
• Histology


  study of tissues
• Systemic Physiology


  examines the functions of the organ systems
• Nuerophysiology


  examines the functions and activity of the nervous system
• Cardiovascular physiology


  examines functions and activity of the heart and blood vessels
• cell physiology


  examines processes in cells
• Pathology


  structural and functional changes caused by disease
• exercise physiology


  changes in structure and function caused by exercise
• All Living Organisms have these characteristics


  1. Organization

  2. Metabolism

  3. Responsiveness

  4. Growth

  5. Development

  6. Reproduction
• organization


  posses the levels of organization
• Levels of Organization:


  chemical,cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
• Chemicals


  interaction of atoms and molecules
• Cells


  Structural and functional units of living organisms
• Tissues


  group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
• organ


  two or more tissues functioning together
• Organ System


  group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
• organism


  composed of multiple different organ systems
• Metabolism


  All chemical reactions of the body; encompasses "anabolic and catabolic reactions"
• Responsiveness


  ability to sense changes in the interior and exterior environment and adjust;

  maintain homeostasis
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of a constant internal environment
• Growth


  increase in size and/or number of cells
• Development


  changes in an organism over time
• differentiation


  change from general to specific
• morphogenesis


  change in shape of tissues, organs, or the entire organism
• reprodcution


  formation of new cells or new organisms for the purpose of making new generations
• Set Point"


  ideal normal valuable
• receptor


  monitors the value of some variable; activated by Stimulus
• Control Center


  establishes the set point
• effector


  can change the value of the variable; produces a response
• Negative Feedback


  regulates most systems in the body; when a deviation occurs; the response is to negate the deviation (make it smaller); counteracts a change in a variable by decreasing the change to help maintain homeostasis by returning to the set point
• Positive Feedback


  unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death; effectors function to increase the deviation and perpetuate the response beyond the set point until the original stimulus is removed

  
  

  Ex.

  
  

  harmful feedback: hemorrhage, blood pressure drops

  
  

  normal feed back: childbirth, lactation, blood clotting
• Anatomical Position:


  Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward