17.5

• simpler cell structure lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

  prokaryotes
• reproduce asexually through binary fission, where cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

  prokaryotes
• complex cell structure with a membrane nucleus the genetic material (chromosomes).

  eukaryotes
• reproduce both sexually and asexually.

  eukaryotes
• are the most diverse and widespread organism among prokaryotes.

  kingdom of eubacteria
• they are single-celled and reproduce asexually.

  kingdom of eubacteria
• A group of individual organisms with a close

  dependent relationship with other organisms

  colonies
• Organism that form filamentous growth

  filaments
• are bacteria that can cause diseases.

  bacterial pathogens
• 3 general types of bacteria:

  cocci, bacilli, spirilla
• circular or global shaped bacteria

  cocci
• rod-shaped bacteria


  bacilli
• spiral shaped bacteria 


  spirilla
• is a test that checks for bacteria and is used to help doctors to find appropriate treatment.

  grain stain
• have thick cell wall made up of peptidoglycan. This layer gives them purple and deep blue color when stained by grain stain.

  grain-positive bacteria
• have thinner cell wall with less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane. This makes them appear pink when stained by grain stain.

  grain-negative bacteria
• is a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane.

  peptidoglycan
• are similar to eubacteria but live in extreme environments, such as hot spring and salt lakes.

  kingdom of archaea
• thrive in extremely salty environments such as salt lakes, salt evaporation pond, and brine solution. Many can withstand 15 to 30 percent salinity of water and even higher salt concentration

  halopiles
• release methane, a bubbling gas, as a waste product. They survive in swamps, hot springs, sewage, and freshwater marsh

  mathanogens
• live in very hot temperatures, usually 100 degree Celsius. 

  thermophiles
• thermophiles that can survive in extreme temperatures

  Thermoplasma acidophilum
• thermophiles that can survive in extremely acidic environment

  acidophilic
• most primitive and the most diverse among unicellular eukaryotic organism

  kingdom protista
• mostly found in diverse aquatic environment such as marine ecosystem, freshwater habitats, dump soil, and even in the body fluids of other organisms.

  kingdom protista
• is an organism that can’t produce its own food, instead taking nutrient from other sources.


  hetrotrophs
• can produce their own food from raw material and energy

  autotrophs
• are multicellular eukaryotic organism that are capable of producing their own food through photosynthesis, the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy.

  kingdom plantae
• are mostly low-growing and do not possess roots for absorbing water from the ground.

  non-vascular plants
• have  true vascular tissues, containing well defined tubes that are suitable for life in dry land, and allowing them to grow tall.

  vascular plants
• conducts malnufactured food to other parts of the plant body

  phloem
• absorbs water, and minerals from the soil.

  xylem
• 2 kinds of cell in Xylem:

  tracheids, vessels
• are long thin cells in xylem

  Tracheids
• are wider shorter cells in xylem

  vessels
• vascular plants with tracheids, are further divided into seedless and seed plants 


  Tracheophytes
• are seedless plants that have underground stems.

  rhizomes
• are naked seeds that are not protected by a flower or fruit tissues

  gymnosperms
• are covered seeds that have their seeds enclosed within a fruit

  angiosperms
• are seeds with one cotyledon or seed leaf.

  monocots