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• What does the upper respiratory tract include?


  Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and epiglottis
• What is the upper respiratory system lined with?

  Mucous membranes
• Mucous


  Ciliated, epithelial tissue and goblet cells covered in slimy glycoproteins
• What type of cells produce mucus?

  Goblet cells
• What does mucus do?

  Collect bacteria and airborne particles for removal by the mucociliary escalator
• Tonsils


  Secondary lymphoid tissue that are located so they come into contact with the mucus from the upper respiratory tract
• What percent of people harbor staphylococcus aureus in the nasal passages?

  20%
• What can MRSA developed from?

  Staphylococcus aureus
• What do infections by virus or bacteria result in?


  Rhinitis
• Inflammation of the throat (pharyngitis) is commonly the result of what?

  Viral infection
• What is the normal microbiotic of the upper repertory system?


  Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Bacteriodes, Streptococcus
• What is the number eight killer of Americans?

  Respiratory diseases
• What are the bacterial infections of the upper respiratory system?


  Strep throat, diphtheria, pink eye, earache, sinus infection (bacteria)
• Strep throat causative agent


  Streptococcus pyogenes with beta-hemolytic toxins (bacteria) group A
• Strep throat portal of entry


  Inhalation or ingestion
• Strep throat, signs and symptoms


  Sore red throat, with white pus follicles on tonsils or back of throat, tenderness of lymph nodes of throat
• What happens when you get strep throat too many times?

  Kidney damage
• Strep throat pathogenesis


  Multiple virulence factors
• Strep throat epidemiology


  Direct contact and droplet infection
• Strep throat treatment


  Antibiotics
• What can happen in untreated strep throat cases?


  Produce toxins that create rheumatic fever, or glomerulonephritis in some patients
• Strep throat portal of exit


  Nose and mouth
• Pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis


  Toxins/antibodies are deposited in the kidney glomeruli, causing an inflammatory response and permanent destruction to lower kidney
• Diptheria causative agent


  Corynebacterium diptheriae (bacteria)
• Diptheria Signs and symptoms


  Sore throat, fever, fatigue, and malaise; white pseudomembrane forms on the tonsils (zombie tonsils)
• Diptheria pathogenesis


  Primarily droplet transmission. Diptheria exotoxin (an A-B toxin) is released and absorbed by the body; the toxin kills cells by blocking protein synthesis at the ribosome
• Diphtheria epidemiology


  Inhalation of droplets; direct contact with patient; indirect contact with fomites
• Diphtheria treatment


  Antitoxin available; antibiotics to prevent transmission
• Diphtheria prevention


  Toxoid vaccine, childhood series with periodic adult boosters
• How does corynebacterium happen?

  In pairs
• Pinkeye; earache; sinus infection (bacteria) Causative agents

  Haemophilus influenzae & Streptococcus pneumoniae together
• Pinkeye; earache, sinus infection (bacteria) signs and symptoms


  1. Increased tears, red and swollen conjunctiva, sensitivity to light, large amount of pus

  2. Severe earache, sometimes producing vomiting, sometimes fever

  3. Facial pain and pressure in sinus area, headache, severe malaise, thick green nasal discharge, and sometimes pus and blood
• Pink eye, earache, sinus infection (bacteria) pathogenesis


  Direct contact and droplet infection of eyes or nose
• Pink eye, earache, sinus infection (bacteria) epidemiology


  Carriers can reach 80% in the absence of disease, violence of bacteria, crowding, and levels of respiratory viruses are all important factors
• Pink eye, ear ache, sinus infection (bacteria) treatment


  Stream specific antibiotic drops for pink eye; amoxicillin for the other two
• Are decongestions and antihistamines recommended for earaches and sinus infections?

  No
• What is the most common age for earaches?


  Two months to five years
• When does sinusitis occur typically?

  Older children and adults
• Can Haemophilus influenzae cause a problem on its own?

  No
• Can Streptococcus pneumoniae cause problems on its own?

  No