Sem 4 motivation and emotion

• Motivation


  A need or desire that energizes behaviour and directs it towards a goal
• Motivation


  • It entails the dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct and terminate actions
  • It is the constant flow of behavior that can be directed in different ways
• Expressions of Motivation


  • Behavioural manifestations (attention, effort, latency, persistence, choice, probability of response, facial expressions, bodily gestures)
  • Brain activation & physiology (brain activity, hormonal activity, cardiovascular activity, ocular activity, electrodermal activity, skeletal activity)
  • Extent of engagement (behavioral, cognitive, emotional, voice)
• Components of Motivation


  • Activation: Decision to initiate behavior; energizes you to engage in an activity
  • Persistence: Continuous effort towards the goal despite the obstacles; time, energy & resources
  • Intensity: Concentration and vigour invested in achieving a goal
• Major Origins of Motivation


  • Biological
  • Psychosocial
• Homeostasis


  A physiological process involving the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
• Types of Motives


  • Primary Motives: Based on biological needs that must be met for survival
  • Secondary Motives: Based on learned needs, drives, and goals
  • Stimulus Motives: Express our needs for stimulation and information
• Intrinsic Motivation


  Doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable
• Extrinsic Motivation


  Taking some action in order to obtain an external outcome - either to gain a reward or avoid a punishment
• Intrinsic Motivation


  • Autonomy
  • Belonging
  • Love
  • Curiosity & Interest
  • Learning
  • Personal Challenge
  • Improvement
  • Mastery
  • Meaning & Purpose
• Extrinsic Motivation


  • Compensation
  • Money
  • Points / Gold Stars
  • Badges
  • Rewards
  • Fear of Punishment
  • Fear of Failure
  • Competition
  • Fame / Power
• Advantages of Intrinsic Motivation


  • Long-lasting and self-sustaining
  • Positively correlated with achievement, perception of competence and self-efficacy and negatively correlated with anxiety, depression and frustration
  • Increased levels of learning and productivity
• Disadvantages of Intrinsic Motivation


  • Could be difficult to achieve
  • Develops over a long period of time, more difficult for short-term goals
  • Lose track of time and space
  • Ignore authority and other important tasks
• Strategies for Improving Intrinsic Motivation


  • Eliminating extrinsic rewards
  • Provide a challenge
  • Encourage creative ways to accomplish goals
  • Praise for accomplishments
  • Provide enough time for the process
  • Create an atmosphere for creativity and intrinsic behaviour
  • Set and display milestones to reach
  • Provide choices; in what to do, how to do and who assesses
• Advantages of Extrinsic Motivation


  • Quick results
  • Effective for short-term motivation
  • Requires little effort or preparation
  • Stimulates an individual to engage in certain activities even when there is no interest in it
• Intrinsic Motivation


  • Slow to change behaviour
  • Different things motivate each individual, therefore various approaches might be needed
  • Requires lengthy preparation and special attention
  • Lose track of time and space
  • Ignore authority and other important tasks
• Extrinsic Motivation


  • Quick results
  • Effective for short-term motivation
  • Requires little effort or preparation
  • Stimulates an individual to engage in certain activities even when there is no interest in it
• Self-Determination


  A person's own ability to manage themselves, to make confident choices, and to think on their own
• Self-Determination Theory


  • People's inherent growth tendencies and the innate psychological needs
  • Helps with achieving independence and plays an essential role in the overall well-being of the individual
  • Puts the individual in the driving seat and makes the person both responsible and potentially culpable for whatever happens
• Self-Determination Theory - Assumptions


  • A need for growth as a human being drives behavior
  • People are always actively seeking to grow and improve
  • Gaining mastery over challenges is essential for developing a sense of self
• Self-Determination Theory - Focus


  • Interplay between the extrinsic forces acting on persons and the intrinsic motives and needs of human beings
  • Internal sources of motivation (intrinsic), such as learning to gain independence and wanting to prove yourself
• Self-Determination Theory - Psychological Needs


  • Autonomy: Desire to be causal agents of one's own life and act in harmony with one's integrated self
  • Relatedness: Will to interact, be connected to, and experience caring for others
  • Competence: Seek to control the outcome and experience mastery
• People who are high in self-determination tend to believe in their own innate ability and that they have control over their own lives. They also tend to have high self-motivation and take responsibility for their behaviors.
• Fulfillment of the three psychological needs (autonomy, relatedness, competence) increases intrinsic motivation.
• Evolutionary Perspective on Motivation


  • Behavior was governed by instincts: fixed patterns of behaviour produced without learning
  • Motivational systems evolved independently in response to particular evolutionary pressures
  • Natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success
• Psychodynamic Perspective on Motivation


  • Biological basis of motivation, reflecting evolutionary heritage
  • Freud's two basic drives: sex (love, lust, intimacy) and self-protection/aggression (control, mastery)
  • Need for relatedness to others and need for self-esteem
• Psychodynamic Perspective - Unconscious Motivation


  • Motivation can be unconscious (implicit) and conscious (explicit) at the same time
  • Unconscious motivation can be assessed using projective tests
• Biological Perspective on Motivation


  • Behaviours are governed not just by the environment, but also by our physiology
  • Needs reflect requirements such as food and water
  • Drives are states of arousal that accompany an unfulfilled need
  • Drive reduction theory argues that we behave in order to satisfy needs and reduce drives
  • Drives can be primary (innate) or secondary (learned)
• Cognitive Perspective on Motivation


  • Motivation is a function of the value people place on an outcome and the likelihood that they can achieve it
  • Goals are established through social learning and conscious goals regulate much of human behaviour
  • Intensity or persistence of behavior is determined by a combination of the value of the goal and the expectancy that some behavior will be effective in attaining that goal
• Motivation


  An urge to behave or act in a way that will satisfy certain conditions, such as wishes, desires, or goals
• Drives


  Primarily biological, like thirst or hunger
• Motives


  Primarily driven by social and psychological mechanisms
• Intrinsic Motivation


  Arising from internal factors
• Extrinsic Motivation


  Arising from external factors
• In reality, our motivations are often a mix of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and the nature of the mix can change over time.