ethics

• Kant Categorical Imperative


  - The universal principle we should always try to follow.

  1) Can your action be universalized?

  2) Everybody/everything has a dignity or a price

  - Guided by principles without creating contradiction.
• Kant Good Will


  It is the morally right choice in what you are intending to do, even if you don't succeed.
• Kant Religion


  - Based on morality

  - Believed in God but didn't think you could prove the existence of God.
• Mill Utilitarianism


  Actions are right if they promote happiness, wrong if they produce the opposite.
• Mill Greatest Happiness Principle


  - Idea that actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people in society.

  - Largest quantity of pleasure leads to higher quality of life.
• Mill Sanction


  - External = formal punishment, public disapproval

  - Internal = through a bad conscience
• Mill Religion


  - He wanted people to be able to explore their own beliefs without interference with society.

  - He didn't align himself with a certain religion but he valued freedom to express oneself.
• Sartre Existentialism


  - Discover the purpose of life

  - Existence = state of living, comes first

  - Essence = Intrinsic nature of someone/something
• Sartre Radical Freedom


  - Humans are free to do whatever they want
• Sartre Bad Faith


  People can overcome bad faith by embracing their freedom and taking responsibility for their actions.
• Sartre Religion


  Atheist = No God
• Sartre Core Beliefs


  Action, Freedom, Decision
• Dewey Education


  - "Learning by Doing"

  - Get involved, not just memorizing facts

  - Explore the world = field trip, gardening, etc
• Dewey Pragmatism


  - Should be open to paying attention to differences

  - Open to change
• Dewey Religion


  Naturalism

  - If not religious in traditional sense with God, you can believe in an ideal.

  - Having a religious dimension instead of authority figure.
• Dewey Fallibilism


  - Knowledge is always growing and changing

  - Nothing is certain

  - No absolute truth that is universal and unchanging
• Dewey 3 Things Philosophers Should Be Open To


  1) Change = not afraid to open our mind, admit we are wrong, adjust philosophy to keep up with changing times.

  2) Uncertainty = shouldn't cling to old ideas, always room for error.

  3) Different Points of View: Shouldn't be set in our ways.
• Baier Trust


  Somebody has good will toward you, someone you can open yourself up to, based upon mutual care.
• Baier Ethics of Care


  You should not turn away someone who needs help, don't leave anyone behind.
• Baier Ethics of Justice

  Treat everyone equally and fairly
• Baier Trust vs Reliance


  We have to trust others based on good will in order to live but reliance depends on how a person acts and their attitudes.
• Baier Moral Trust


  The confidence one can have in another person's morality, integrity, and behavior.
• Baier Best Moral Theory


  Men and Women have to work side by side, not against each other to make a trustworthy society.
• Essay 1 Topics (4)


  St. Augustine

  1) Monotheism - belief in one God

  2) God is infinite in several ways = 4 "omnis"

  John Dewey

  1) Education = learning by doing

  2) Change = be open to change, we are always growing
• 4 "omnis"


  omnipresent - everywhere

  omniscient - all knowing

  omnipotent - all powerful

  omnibenevolent - all good
• Essay 2 Topic


  Death Penalty

  St. Augustine

  - Against the death penalty because it goes against commandment of "thou shall not kill"

  John Dewey

  - Against the death penalty because he was a strong advocate for human rights and potential for moral growth.