Citizenship Paper 2

• There are several key principles and values which underpin life in the UK
• Key principles and values in the UK


  • Democracy
  • Tolerance of others
  • Diversity of the population
  • The Rule of Law
  • Secularism
  • Constitutional monarchy
• Citizens in the UK enjoy


  • Human rights
  • Political rights
  • Moral rights
  • Legal rights
• Human rights


  • Right to life
  • Right to freedom of religion
  • Right to freedom of association
  • Right to freedom from torture
• Political rights


  • Right to vote
  • Right for vote to be secret
  • Right to free speech
  • Right to freedom of conscience
• Moral rights


  • Right to an education
  • Right to freedom of thought and expression
  • Right to be credited for work which is yours
• Legal rights


  • Right to a fair trial
  • Equality before the law
  • Innocent until proven guilty
  • Right to representation
• Identity


  • Sense of who we are and how we see ourselves
  • Made up of religion, culture, ethnic/national origin, accent/dialect, sexuality, gender, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, cuisine, subculture, media/musical preferences, political views, profession
• British Isles


  Geographical description of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, Isle of Man, Isle of Wight, and smaller islands
• Great Britain


  The single large land mass of England, Wales and Scotland
• United Kingdom


  The nation state composed of the four constituent nations of Northern Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales
• Constituent nations of the UK


  • England
  • Wales
  • Scotland
  • Northern Ireland
• Immigration


  The act of moving to and settling in another country
• Emigration


  The act of leaving a country with the intention of settling elsewhere
• Factors causing migration


  • Standards of living
  • Peace and political stability
  • Human rights and freedoms
  • Economic factors like available work and jobs, benefits and welfare
• Waves of migration into the UK


  • 1950s-60s: West Indies and Caribbean (Windrush Generation)
  • 1970s-80s: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
  • 1990s-2000s: Poland and Eastern Europe
• Ways UK population is changing


  • Increasing religious diversity (Christianity, Islam, Judaism, non-religious)
  • Increasing diversity of sexualities and gender identities
  • Increasingly urban and decreasingly rural
  • Slowly increasing in average age
• Types of media in the UK


  • Traditional TV (BBC, ITV, Channel 4)
  • Digital TV (Dave, UKTV Gold, shopping channels)
  • Newspapers (The Times, Daily Mail, Independent)
  • Radio (BBC, local, commercial)
  • Social media (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn)
  • Streaming services (Netflix, Britbox)
• Free press


  Media free of political oversight and control, free to print and criticize the government
• Roles of the free press


  • Inform the public
  • Influence public opinion
  • Provide a place for communication and discussion
  • Hold those in power to account
• Restrictions and responsibilities of the free press


  • Censorship
  • Accuracy
  • Privacy
  • Public interest
  • National security
• The press in the UK is regulated by IPSO (Independent Press Standards Organization)
• A court order preventing publication of an item or story is known as an injunction
• Examples of censorship include the Watershed, bleeping of inappropriate language, and warnings before TV programs
• United Nations (UN)


  Set up after WWII to regulate relations between nations, UK is a permanent member of the Security Council
• NATO


  Set up in 1949 to defend against the USSR, the UK contributes troops, equipment, funding and leadership
• WTO


  Set up in 1996 to regulate trade and economic activity between nations, the UK contributes funding, personnel, and negotiates regulations
• European Union (EU)


  An economic and political organization set up in 1958, the UK contributes funding, sends representatives, negotiates treaties and provides staff
• Ways nations can help resolve international disputes


  • Military action
  • Sanctions
  • Diplomatic pressure
  • Provision of non-military personnel
• Case studies of international disputes include Iraq 2003, Falklands 1982, Bosnia 1992
• NGOs like Oxfam, Christian Aid, Doctors Without Borders can help resolve disputes by providing aid, raising funds/supplies, and raising awareness
• Fundamental principles of UK law


  • Presumption of innocence
  • Equality before the law
  • Right to representation
  • Right to due process
  • Right to a fair trial
• Purposes of the law


  • Rectify injustice
  • Hold those in power to account
  • Regulate behavior and punish those who harm others
  • Create a known set of rules for citizens
  • Create a deterrent to prevent injustice
• There are several fundamental principles of the law in the United Kingdom
• Fundamental principles of UK law


  • Presumption of innocence
  • Equality before the law
  • Right to representation
  • Right to due process
  • Right to a fair trial
• Purposes of the law


  • To rectify injustice
  • To hold those in power to account
  • To regulate behavior and ensure those who harm others are punished
  • To create a known clear set of rules for citizens to abide by
  • To create a deterrent to prevent injustice
• The law often has to balance rights
• Examples of balancing rights


  • Employer's right to make money vs employee's right to fair treatment
  • Criminal's right to rehabilitation vs public's right to safety
  • Individual's right to free speech vs responsibility not to offend
  • Individual's right to free speech vs responsibility to uphold national security
  • Government's right to act vs citizens' right to hold government to account
• Roles of the police in the UK


  • Investigate crimes
  • Ensure public safety
  • Arrest and apprehend suspects
  • Collect evidence
  • Enforce laws and regulations
  • Advise public on crime prevention
• Roles of legal representatives


  • Provide advice and guidance to clients
  • Argue for guilt or innocence in criminal trials
  • Argue for or against liability in civil trials
  • Assert the rights of those they represent
  • Advocate in favor of those they represent
  • Carry out routine legal work