Clinical Studies

• Rosenhan, aim 


  to investigate how situational factors affect the diagnosis of schizophrenia
• Rosenhan, aim 


  to investigate whether the "sane" can be distinguished from the "insane"
• Rosenhan, procedure 


  confederates acted as pds, going to 12 different hospitals
• Rosenhan, procedure 


  the real participants were the hospital staff as they did not know about the experiment
• Rosenhan, procedure 


  pds complained they were hearing an unfamiliar voice saying "hollow" "thud" and "empty"
• Rosenhan, procedure 


  pds gave false names, occupations and symptoms
• Rosenhan, procedure 


  once in the ward the pds stopped pretending to have symptoms, they wrote their observations
• Rosenhan, results


  11 pds were diagnosed with schizophrenia and one with manic depression
• Rosenhan, results 


  staff never detected their sanity
• Rosenhan, results 


  the average hospital stay was 19 days, all pds were discharged with schizophrenia in remission
• Rosenhan, conclusions


  psychiatric staff cannot always distinguish sanity from insanity, any diagnostic method that makes such errors cannot be valid or reliable
• Rosenhan, conclusions


  labels such as the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be attached wrongly and are then hard to get rid of
• Rosenhan 


  led to developments of the DSM, it was revised, symptoms now need to be persistent in order for a diagnosis to be made
• Evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis, Lindstrom et al 


  conducted a PET scan which involved a tracker observing L-Dopa which was administered to 10 schizophrenics and controls.
• Evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis, Lindstrom et al 


  L-Dopa was taken up quicker in the schizophrenics suggesting they were producing more dopamine than the control group.
• Evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis, Ten et al 


  in this study rats were given nine amphetamine injections (increasing dopamine) over three weeks showed various schizophrenic symptoms
• Evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis, Ten at al


  found that dopamine antagonists (decreasing dopamine) were successful in reversing these effects
• Carlsson, aims 


  aimed to present a review of the evidence for and against the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
• Carlsson, aims 


  aimed to include a consideration of the other neurotransmitters such as: glutamate, serotonin and gaba
• Carlsson, aims 


  aimed to explore new antipsychotics for those who may be treatment resistant or experience extreme side effects
• Carlsson, procedure 


  this study reviews of research from a variety of sources
• Carlsson, procedure 


  this study investigates neurochemical levels in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, as well as studies into drugs know to induce schizophrenic symptoms
• Carlsson, procedure 


  this study looked into studies which evidence high levels of dopamine are linked to psychosis, along with recreational drugs know to induce psychosis such as: amphetamines and PCP