to investigate how situational factors affect the diagnosis of schizophrenia
Rosenhan, aim
to investigate whether the "sane" can be distinguished from the "insane"
Rosenhan, procedure
confederates acted as pds, going to 12 different hospitals
Rosenhan, procedure
the real participants were the hospital staff as they did not know about the experiment
Rosenhan, procedure
pds complained they were hearing an unfamiliar voice saying "hollow" "thud" and "empty"
Rosenhan, procedure
pds gave false names, occupations and symptoms
Rosenhan, procedure
once in the ward the pds stopped pretending to have symptoms, they wrote their observations
Rosenhan, results
11 pds were diagnosed with schizophrenia and one with manic depression
Rosenhan, results
staff never detected their sanity
Rosenhan, results
the average hospital stay was 19 days, all pds were discharged with schizophrenia in remission
Rosenhan, conclusions
psychiatric staff cannot always distinguish sanity from insanity, any diagnostic method that makes such errors cannot be valid or reliable
Rosenhan, conclusions
labels such as the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be attached wrongly and are then hard to get rid of
Rosenhan
led to developments of the DSM, it was revised, symptoms now need to be persistent in order for a diagnosis to be made
Evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis, Lindstrom et al
conducted a PET scan which involved a tracker observing L-Dopa which was administered to 10 schizophrenics and controls.
Evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis, Lindstrom et al
L-Dopa was taken up quicker in the schizophrenics suggesting they were producing more dopamine than the control group.
Evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis, Ten et al
in this study rats were given nine amphetamine injections (increasing dopamine) over three weeks showed various schizophrenic symptoms
Evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis, Ten at al
found that dopamine antagonists (decreasing dopamine) were successful in reversing these effects
Carlsson, aims
aimed to present a review of the evidence for and against the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
Carlsson, aims
aimed to include a consideration of the other neurotransmitters such as: glutamate, serotonin and gaba
Carlsson, aims
aimed to explore new antipsychotics for those who may be treatment resistant or experience extreme side effects
Carlsson, procedure
this study reviews of research from a variety of sources
Carlsson, procedure
this study investigates neurochemical levels in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, as well as studies into drugs know to induce schizophrenic symptoms
Carlsson, procedure
this study looked into studies which evidence high levels of dopamine are linked to psychosis, along with recreational drugs know to induce psychosis such as: amphetamines and PCP