Final Exam Homework Review

• Zaina was having challenges regulating her emotions. In addition, she seemed to be hungry all the time and was having difficulty with her memory. Her heart wasn’t racing, however, and she had no problems completing her physics homework. What section of the brain seems to be involved in Zaina’s symptoms?

  Sub-cortical Brain
• Thalamus


  Brain area where there may be damage to explain Luca's hearing issues despite no damage to temporal lobe or ears
• Hindbrain


  Brain area that must be functioning properly during fetal development for the baby to survive
• Node of Ranvier


  Space between two Schwann cells where the axon is exposed to the extracellular space and Na+ voltage gated ion channels are highly concentrated to perpetuate the action potential
• Second messenger release is not a process that helps to reduce or remove neurotransmitters from the synapse
• Metabotropic receptors


  Open ion channels indirectly via second messengers
• Ionotropic receptors


  Ion channels that are opened directly by a neurotransmitter
• Diffusion


  Force responsible for moving K+ out of the cell, causing rapid hyperpolarization of the axon and reaching resting membrane potential when voltage-gated K+ ion channels open
• Hypopolarized


  The local intracellular space becomes when positively charged Na+ ions enter the cell
• • 50mV


  Intracellular voltage must reach at the axon hillock to cause Na+ ion channels to open and trigger an action potential
• Ca2+ channels


  Open in the axon terminal to stimulate synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
• Nucleus Accumbens


  Brain region where release of dopamine is most important for the arousal theory of motivation, when people are seeking a desired sensation
• Balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems


  Best describes the set-point that our body systems strive to come back to
• Gustatory cortex


  Receives information about taste directly from the thalamus
• Peptide YY increases


  Neuropeptide Y decreases
• Stomach


  Releases the hormone CCK, which will stimulate feeding behavior
• Duodenum


  Releases the hormone CCK, which will decrease feeding behavior
• Pheromones


  Released by females during ovulation, which males were most aroused by
• Mirror neuron system


  Brain area that contributes to the empathetic response of Eric laughing while Jamal was laughing
• Periaqueductal gray


  Brain region that contributes to subconscious movements in response to aggressive or fearful actions of another
• Long-term exposure to cortisol


  May affect memory by destroying neurons in the hippocampus
• Pituitary gland


  Releases ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophin hormone)
• Tectorial membrane


  Helps to apply a shearing force to the ends of the hair cells of the Organ of Corti in response to vibration of the basilar membrane
• Coincidence detectors


  Process auditory differences in timing, sending signals only when sound information from both ears arrive at the same time
• Potassium


  Channels that are pulled open when bending hair cells causes an influx of positive charge, resulting in a release of neurotransmitters
• Calcium


  Channels that are opened when bending hair cells causes an influx of positive charge, resulting in a release of neurotransmitters
• Ventral stream of auditory analysis


  Function that allows Jakisha to point out what is making a rattle in her car's engine compartment, despite not knowing where it is
• Cupula


  Hair cells in the that are still activating after spinning around in an office chair and then stopping, causing the feeling of still spinning
• Vestibular


  System that provides information, along with proprioception, to the cerebellum to aid in our sense of balance
• Trichromatic


  Theory of color vision that accounts for color detection at the level of the photoreceptors
• Opponent process


  Theory that accounts for how the ganglion cells process the incoming information from the trichromatic system
• Nasal


  Retina where information detected crosses to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm
• Optic chiasm


  Location where information detected by the nasal retina crosses to the opposite side of the brain
• Cutting the optic nerve between the right eye and the chiasm would cause a loss of vision in half of each visual field
• Simple


  Cells that detect the anatomical location of the retina that is activated by light
• Complex


  Cells that detect how light physically moves across the retina
• Upper motor neurons


  Originate in the motor cortex and are contained in the central nervous system
• The basal ganglia and the cerebellum produce no movements
• Premotor cortex


  Brain area that came up with the plan of action for LaShonda to pick up her coffee cup off the floor and take a sip
• Dopamine


  Neurons in the substantia nigra that are lost, resulting in dysregulation of smooth movements in Parkinson's disease