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• Alfred McCoy


  Historian of the Southeast Asia
• Alfredo Roces


  Painter, essayist, and versatile artist who holds a prominent place in the history of Philippine art
• Ang Bag-ong Kusog


  A popular Cebuano pre-war periodical that drew a picture of pre-war social life in Cebu and featured the clash between traditional Spanish-influenced culture and the new American orientation

  
• The Philippines Free Press


  A weekly newspaper founded in 1906, published in both Spanish and English, featured investigative reporting about the country's development, appeared more personal than national and not tied to a particular political party, advocated integrity, democracy and Philippine national progress
• The Independent

  Founded in 1915 by the Father of Cebuano letters Vicente Sotto, one of the militant and aggressive advocates of immediate independence, a forum for its publishers for political crusades, discussed questions of tenancy, urban poverty, and political issues, where Fernando Amorsolo began his career as the "angriest of Manila's political cartoonists"
• The Philippines transitioned from Spanish colonial rule to American colonial period
• There was Filipino resistance to American policy over the Philippines
• American colonial initiatives


  • Filipino representation in the Assembly
  • Filipinization in the government
  • Campaign for Philippine Independence
  • Economic, educational system, public health, transportation and communication
• The freedom of speech and press was more recognized under American colonial rule compared to the Spanish period
• The American colonial government sued the press through libel charges
• The Chinese were still discriminated against
• The friars were attacked in the press
• Filipino politicians were the new illustrados
• Police were corrupt and there was a rise in rural poverty
• Prostitution and gambling were rampant
• Sanitation was poor and there were less hospitals for the population
• Cartoons were used to seek reforms
• Philippine Cartoons: Economic Caricatures


  • Showed the dramatic increase in Manila's population resulting in rising rents and high food prices
  • Depicted Harrison's band-aid solution rather than implementing fundamental reform like public housing construction
  • Showed the Filipino elite being favoured for their loyalty to the government
• Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures


  • Presented the political practice in the country, especially during elections, featuring the political irony of candidates begging for favour from the Filipino masses but the masses ultimately begging
  • Depicted police corruption to protect gambling clubs
  • Showed the passage of a law authorizing all legislators to bear firearms
• Filipinos have always been historically divided
• Philippine Cartoons: Socio-cultural Caricatures


  • Depicted the frailocracy and the Roman Catholic Church owning big lands while the poor were homeless
  • Showed the Filipinization of the Bureau of Public Health resulting in ineffective and inefficient service
• Philippine Cartoons: Socio-cultural Caricatures

  • Depicted the results of the introduction of American education in the Philippine system, including gender equality in education and accessibility of education
  • Showed how the Americans used the educational system to control and manipulate the Filipinos, including the introduction of the English language and developing an image worthy of Filipino love and respect
• The historical caricatures are relevant visual and contextual realities that can fill in the gap in understanding the grand narrative of Philippine history

  
• Using historical caricature is a dynamic avenue of deciphering Philippine history, providing relevant visual representations of the past and a contextual approach of understanding historical meanings and implications
• The featured caricatures were powerful tools in the political, economic, and social advocacies which can inspire and remind us also of our advocacies at present time
• The caricatures depict the realities happening during the American period which expresses the sentiments of the Filipinos

  
• Historical caricatures bring us to the past and provide a rich, dynamic and contextual source of depicting events and realities
• In contemporary times, the use of editorial caricatures are still powerful tools that depict the temper of the present time and express the problems and sentiments of the present context
• Editorial caricatures make us realize who we are before and yet they depict what is our truth
• We must always choose what is right, we must believe who is correct because there is someone who will stand by and will fight for us every step of the way
• Mutiny


  A rebellion against authority
• 2 major events of 1872 were the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the GOMBURZA's Execution
• GOMBURZA


  Collective name of the three martyred priests: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora
• The GOMBURZA were executed by garrote in public on February 17, 1872
• Garrote


  Killing someone by strangulation, typically with an iron wire or cord
• Due to the Cavite mutiny, many of the best known Filipinos were denounced to the military authorities and punished
• One of the results of the Cavite mutiny was to strengthen the power of the Friars in the Philippine Islands
• The Spanish version of the Cavite mutiny portrays it as a premeditated conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers and residents of Manila and Cavite to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers and kill friars
• The Spanish version also claims the native clergy supported and conspired with the rebels against the Spanish friars
• The Spanish version describes the Cavite mutiny as an "uprising", "insurrection" and a "revolution" by the Filipinos to attempt to attain independence and secularization