Bio final

• general features of all animals


  heterotrophic

  multicellular

  active movement

  embryonic development
• symmetry in proifera

  no symmetry
• symmetry in cnidarians


  radial symmetry, many planes
• symmetry in bilatarians


  bilateral symmetry, single plane
• mouth develops before the anus at the blastopore

  protostome
• anus develops before the mouth at blastopore

  deuterostome
• very diverse group of organisms, protostomes, mollusks and annelid worms


  lophotrochozoans
• cylindrical body with distinct segments, digestive flows from head to anus, hydrostatic skeleton ensures there are no hard bones


  annelids
• over 80,000 species, montle, includes most gastropods (snails and slugs), clams, mussels, squids, octopuses

  mollusks
• unique structure used in breathing, excretion and shell formation

  montle
• four general characteristics of chordates


  dorsal, hollow nerve chord

  notochord

  pharyngeal slits

  postanal tail
• jointed skeleton along the main body axis

  vertebrate
• no notochord or spinal chord

  intervertebrates
• evolution of fish


  jaws

  bony skeleton

  swim bladder

  paired appendages
• why is the amniotic egg important for terrestrialization

  can develop on land
• cartilage cranium, no other defining characteristics, hagfish and lamphreys

  jawless fish
• jaws, cartilage skeleton, sharks/rays/chimaeras

  cartilaginous fish
• jaws, bony skeleton, swim bladder, kidneys

  bony fish
• most diverse group of vertebrates with 4 limbs


  tetrapods
• jaws, bony skeleton, tetrapod locomotion, small

  amphibians
• dessication-resistant shell, reptiles/mammals/birds, lungs

  amniotes
• not monophyletic, jaws, bony skeleton, tetrapod locomotion, amniotic egg

  reptiles
• fathers, fright skeleton (thin and hollow), efficient lungs, no teeth, endothermic

  birds
• mammary glands, jaws, bony skeleton, tetrapod locomotion, amniotic egg, hair, endothermic

  mammals
• general features of fungi

  chemoheterotrophs

  internal digestion

  no locomotion

  cells walls include chitin

  succesptible to dessication

  hyphae
• only grow at the tip, slender shape, access to new food

  multicellular fungi
• general life cycle of fungi


  plasmogamy

  heterokaryotic stage

  karyogamy

  meiosis

  germination

  mycelium
• people who study fungi

  mycologists
• characteristics of both parazoans and eumatazoans

  have blastula and are multicellular
• lack specialized tissues, typically no body symmetry, sponges

  parazoans
• distinct specialized tissues, true body symmetry, multiple tissues, gastrulation

  eumatazoans
• types of eumatazoans


  radiatans and bilaterians
• radial body symmetry, diploblastic, cnidarians

  radiatans
• bilateral body symmetry, triploblastic, complex body organs, most animals/snails/insects/humans

  bilatarians
• secretes a protein cuticle/exoskeleton to cover and protect bodies from injury and drying and must molt/shed during growth to produce a soft larger replacement that hardens into a protective covering which puts them at risk for predation

  ecdysozoans
• types of ecdysozoans


  nematodes and arthropods
• elongated bodies, most numerous of all animals, simple organs (nerve chords, muscles, gonads), body covered by tough cuticle, parasitic nematodes are common

  nematodes
• most diverse group of animals, jointed legs, chitin exoskeletons

  arthropods
• types of arthropods


  crustaceans

  myriapods

  chelicerates

  insects
• paraphyletic group, branched legs, 2 pairs of sensory antennae, most are aquatic, lobster/shrimp/crab/barnacle

  crustaceans