LA.A Definitions, approaches and theories

• define health 


  the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease
• define ill health 


  the deviation from the healthy state
• define biomedical illness 


  illnesses that have a physical or biological cause, diagnosed through symptoms and have physical treatments
• define biopsychosocial illnesses 


  health and illnesses are a result of several interacting factors (biological, psychological + social)
• 4 factors of health as a continuum


  healthy, reacting, injured, and ill
• define stress


  a state of arousal that arises as an emotional response to situations of threat (stressor)
• define physiological stress 


  how the body responds physically to stress (inc. heart rate, sweating)
• define psychological stress


  the emotions you experience when a stressor occurs
• perceived ability to cope with stress 


  psychological stress occurs when the perceived demands of your environment are greater than your perceived ability to cope with them
• perception of available resources 


  how we think about our ability to cope with a stressor
• define addiction 


  a mental health problem in which an individual takes a substance or engages in behaviour that is pleasurable but eventually becomes compulsive and is harmful
• physiological addictions


  when a person stops, they experience withdrawal symptoms which is likely to lead to relapse and over time, the individual will need a bigger dose to get the same effect
• behavioural addictions 


  a person becomes addicted to the behaviour and compulsively continues the behaviour and experiences withdrawals when they stop
• Griffith's six components of addiction


  salience, tolerance, withdrawal, relapse, conflict, mood alteration
• biological explanations of health 


  genetic predisposition, neurotransmitters
• behaviourist explanations of health


  positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, classical conditioning, cues, operant conditioning
• social learning explanations of health 


  vicarious reinforcement, role models, observation, imitation
• cognitive explanations of health 


  cognitive dissonance, professional bias
• who created the health belief model and what does it do? 


  Rosenstock; tries to explain why people do or do not engage in healthy behaviour
• 7 factors of the health belief model 


  perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, benefits, costs, demographic variables, cues to action, self efficacy
• HBM research support

  Becker; positive correlation between a mother's compliance and her perceived seriousness of her child's asthma - married and higher educated mothers were more compliant
• locus of control 


  internal: events are under an individuals control

  external: events are out of the individuals control
• LOC research support - I-E scale 


  Rotter; internals are less likely to take risks, less likely to smoke but more likely to quit, resistant to persuasion, and less likely to conform
• LOC research support - uni students

  Abouserie; academic stress was greater than life stress, females were more stressed than males, low self esteem led to higher stress, ext. LOC = greater academic stress
• 3 factors of the theory of planned behaviour 


  personal attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control
• TPB research support

  Cooke et al; personal attitudes have the strongest link to intention, subjective norms were better at predicting behaviour than perceived control, higher self efficacy in the ability to drink alcohol led to more alcohol consumed
• define self efficacy


  the belief that we have in our ability to carry out an action or task
• 4 factors of self efficacy 


  mastery experiences, vicarious reinforcement, social persuasion, emotional states
• self efficacy research support 


  Bandura + Adams; snake phobia, higher self efficacy after systematic desensitisation, positive correlation between self efficacy and behaviour towards the snake
• 5 stages of the transtheoretical model


  precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance