PAST PAPER Q'S

• Urbanisation


  The rise in the proportion of people living in towns and cities, defined as urban areas
• UK developed in 1800s when people moved from farms to cities
• In 1950, 79% of UK population lived in towns and cities
• In 2013, 83% of UK population lived in towns and cities
• Developed countries


  • Growing cities = crowded, some people move back to rural areas
  • Improving transport infrastructure allows people to commute into cities to work from further away
• Emerging countries


  • Experiencing rapid urbanisation (e.g. China, Brazil, Thailand)
• Developing countries


  • In the next few decades these countries will experience rapid urbanisation (e.g. Ethiopia, Niger, Nepal)
• Megacities


  Have a population more than 100 million people
• 15 megacities are in China
• Largest megacity in the world = Tokyo with over 38 million people
• In 2017 there were 47 megacities
• Many megacities are in LICs (Less Industrialized Countries)
• Economic influences


  More people migrate to primate cities because there is more work, which creates more work, leading to even more migration to primate cities
• Political influences


  UK government is located in Westminster, London, which could lead the government to focus policy on industries like financial services
• Push factors for migration


  • People's homes and jobs destroyed by natural disasters
  • Automation causes people to lose their jobs in rural agriculture
  • Land becomes uninhabitable e.g. desertification
• Pull factors for migration


  • More jobs, higher paid jobs in cities
  • More doctors, nurses, teachers, and other wellbeing stuff
  • Move closer to family and friends
  • Luxuries, cinemas, shops
• Explain one reason why life expectancy often rises as the GDP per capita of a country increases.


  Increase economic growth and development in a country meaning that people have more money to spend on good and services like doctors meaning that the life expectancy increases.
• Explain one way in which topography affects economic development.


  Very mountainous countries find it hard to industrialise and develop.  Being landlocked
• Explain how the economic growth in an emerging country such as India could lead to demographic change.

  The development of the economy has improved the education of the population and so more people are pursuing a career before having children, resulting in smaller families.
• Explain one negative impact of rapid economic development on human health.


  rapid population growth which can cause stress on housing provision and healthcare services.
• Explain one way in which outsourcing affects economic development in an emerging country


  TNC's provide jobs for population, low skilled jobs more than they would earn compared to agriculture (higher wage). Attract FDI which helps improve services in the country
• Explain one advantage of top-down development strategies.


  large scale projects due to big investments
• Explain how Rostow's modernisation theory can be used to understand how countries develop over time.


  Shows that from the traditional society to mass consumption a country goes from the primary sector to tertiary sector more people have better incomes and they develop over time. there is more trading and increase in wealth
• Explain how Frank's dependency theory can be used to explain how countries such as The Gambia find it difficult to develop


  Peripheral countries will continue being in debt to core countries due to having to pay the core countries back this means that they are never able to develop as they have to rely on the core countries
• Explain one way in which high levels of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) might benefit an emerging country. FDI help improve infrastructure and services in the country
• Explain one reason why economic growth leads to higher levels of all types of pollution in emerging countries.


  people have higher income therefore have access to cars and technology which uses energy and this will burn fossil fuels (coal, oil). Which releases CO2 emissions. Water pollution more strained higher population, factories.
• Explain two ways economic development can lead to water pollution.


  water pollution is coming from factories due to industrialisation. Increase population due to rural-migration strain on water services. People dumping waste because of migration.
• Explain one disadvantage of intermediate technology.


  small scale so won't benefit majority of the country this is because it is cheap and doesn't involve big investments
• Explain one advantage of using intermediate technology.


  easy to maintain and tailored for local peoples needs
• Explain two negative impacts of the rapid economic development of an emerging country on different age groups.


  Rural to urban migration - older people left behind in rural areas. Younger working aged people competing for jobs
• Explain one way that rapid economic development has a positive impact on the environment


  investment in renewable energy, increased education so more people educated on impacts of fossil fuels etc