Axial and Appendicular Skelelton & Body Movements

• Blood cells


  Made in the bone marrow, which produces about 95% of the body's blood cells
• Newborn bones


  Baby's body has about 300-350 bones at birth

  
• Adult bones


  206 bones that adults have (the 300-350 bones in a newborn eventually fuse together)

  
• The tongue is not the strongest muscle in the body
• The tongue is the hardest working muscle in the body
• Strongest muscle


  The masseter, which can close the teeth with a force as great as 55 pounds (25 kilograms) on the incisors or 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms) on the molars
• Smallest muscles


  The tensor tympani and the stapedius, which are in the inner ear

  
• Smallest bones


  The stapes, which is the smallest bone in the body and is located in the ear

  
• The skeletal system is the body's central framework, consisting of bones and connective tissue including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

  
• The word "skeleton" comes from the Greek word meaning "dried-up body"
• Cartilage


  • Soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints and facilitates movement
  • Strong but flexible and very smooth
  • Covers the ends of bones at joints, providing a smooth surface for bones to move over
• Ligaments


  • Bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold bones together
  • Keep the bones of the skeleton in place
  • Provide stability to the joints

  
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Blood cell formation
• Long bones


  Typically longer than they are wide, and mostly dense and smooth

  
• Short bones


  Generally cube-shaped and mostly contain spongy bone
• Flat bones


  Thin, flattened, and usually curved, with two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them

  
• Irregular bones


  Bones that do not fit into the preceding categories

  
• The skeleton is subdivided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

  
• Axial skeleton


  Supports and protects organs of the head, neck, and trunk

  
• Appendicular skeleton


  The bones of the limbs and girdles, which function to grasp and manipulate objects and permit locomotion
• Bones of the cranium

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
• Facial bones

  • Zygomatic
  • Lacrimal
  • Nasal
  • Vomer
  • Maxilla
  • Palatine
  • Mandible

  
• Hyoid bone


  A U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue and anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing and speaking

  
• Vertebral column


  Extends from the skull to the pelvis, serving as the axial support of the body
• Bony thorax


  Formed by the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae, forming a protective, cone-shaped cage of slender bones around the organs of the thoracic cavity
• Sternum


  A long, flat, bony plate that forms the most anterior section of the rib cage, protecting the heart, lungs, and blood vessels
• Ribs


  • True ribs (first 7 pairs)
  • False ribs (next 5 pairs)
  • Floating ribs (last 2 pairs)
• Clavicle


  Holds the shoulder joint away from the rest of the upper body
• Scapula


  Shoulder blade, helps provide part of the shoulder joint
• Sternum


  Long, flat, bony plate that forms the most anterior section of the rib cage
• Sternum


  • Primary function is the protection of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels from physical damage
• Rib cage


  Protects the major organs
• Ribs


  • Twelve pairs of ribs form the walls of the bony thorax
• True ribs


  The first seven pairs, attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilages
• False ribs


  The next five pairs, either attach indirectly to the sternum or are not attached to the sternum at all
• Floating ribs


  The last two pairs of false ribs lack the sternal attachments
• Appendicular skeleton


  Function to grasp and manipulate objects and permit locomotion
• Appendicular skeleton parts

  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges

  
• Appendicular skeleton parts

  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsal
  • Metatarsal

  
• Parts of the muscular system


  • Origin
  • Insertion