Core 2- body in motion

• Anatomical position


  The position the body is in when describing anatomy, with the person standing upright, facing forward with their hands down by their sides and palms facing forward

  
• Planes of the body


  • Sagittal plane - vertical plane that divides the body into left and right
  • Frontal plane - vertical plane that divides the body into front and back
  • Transverse plane - horizontal plane that divides the body into top and bottom
• Roles of the skeletal system


  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage of minerals
  • Blood cell production
  • Storage of energy
• Major bones involved in movement


  • Vertebrae - bones of the spine
  • Pelvis - pelvic bones
  • Femur - thigh bone
  • Ribcage
  • Sternum - protecting heart
  • Skull - protecting brain
  • Humerus, Radius, Ulna - arm bones
  • Phalanges - fingers and toes
• Bones involved in throwing a ball


  • Radius
  • Humerus
  • Carpals - holding the ball
  • Metacarpals - holding the ball
  • Phalanges - holding the ball
  • Ulna
  • Clavicle - collar bone
  • Scapula

  
• Types of bones


  • Long bones - narrow and long, major bones involved in movement and weight support
  • Short bones - roughly as wide as they are long, provide stability
  • Flat bones - flattened surface, act as shields
  • Irregular bones - irregular shape, provide limited movement and protection
  • Sesamoid bones - small bones embedded in tendons

  
• Anatomical positions


  • Superior - towards the head
  • Inferior - towards the feet
  • Anterior - towards the front
  • Posterior - towards the back
  • Medial - towards the midline
  • Lateral - towards the side
  • Proximal - towards the body's mass

  
• Difference between red and white blood cells: Red carry oxygen, white help fight infections
• Long bones are usually moved when a muscle contracts
• Compact bone


  Contains few spaces and forms the external layer of all bones
• Spongy/Cancellous bone


  Contains marrow, which produces blood cells
• Articular cartilage


  Prevents jarring and allows the bones to move freely on each other
• Joint (articulation)


  The point at which bones meet and articulate with each other
• Types of joints


  • Fibrous (immoveable) - no joint cavity, held together by connective tissue
  • Cartilaginous (slightly moveable) - no joint cavity, held together by cartilage
  • Synovial (freely moveable) - have a joint cavity, held together by ligaments and separated by synovial fluid
• Functions of synovial joints


  • Provide movement
  • Provide stability
• Key parts of a synovial joint


  • Joint cavity - allows movement
  • Synovial fluid - shock absorber
  • Articular cartilage - shock absorber, allows smooth movement
  • Ligaments - join bone to bone
  • Tendons - join muscle to bone
• Types of synovial joints


  • Gliding/Plane - limited gliding movements
  • Hinge - movements in one direction
  • Pivot - rotational movements
  • Ellipsoid/Condyloid - movements in two directions
  • Saddle - movements in two directions, no axial rotation
  • Ball-and-socket - movements in all directions
• Examples of synovial joints


  • Shoulder - ball and socket
  • Elbow - hinge
  • Wrist - condyloid
  • Hip - ball and socket
  • Knee - hinge
  • Ankle - condyloid
• Squats (up and down phases)


  1. UP - Femur, pelvic girdle, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

  2. DOWN - Femur, pelvic girdle, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
• Squats (up and down phases)


  1. UP - Hip extension, knee extension, tarsals flexion, phalanges extension

  2. DOWN - Hip flexion, knee flexion, tarsals flexion, phalanges extension
• Bicep curl (up and down phases)


  1. UP - Radius, ulna, humerus, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

  2. DOWN - Radius, ulna, humerus, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
• Bicep curl (up and down phases)


  1. UP - Arm flexion, phalanges flexion

  2. DOWN - Arm extension, phalanges flexion
• Star jump (in and out phases)


  1. IN - Radius, ulna, humerus, tibia, fibula, femur

  2. OUT - Radius, ulna, humerus, tibia, fibula, femur
• Star jump (in and out phases)


  1. IN - Adduction

  2. OUT - Abduction
• Calf raise (up and down phases)


  1. UP - Phalanges, tarsals, metatarsals, tibia, fibula, femur

  2. DOWN - Phalanges, tarsals, metatarsals, tibia, fibula, femur
• Calf raise (up and down phases)


  1. UP - Plantar flexion

  2. DOWN - Dorsiflexion
• Practice question should identify key words, various synovial joints, articulating bones, joint actions, and provide an example like the knee joint

  
• Functions of muscle tissue


  • Provide stabilisation of posture and internal organs
  • Produce movement
  • Generate heat
• Types of muscle tissue


  • Skeletal muscle - attached to bones, striated
  • Cardiac muscle - in the heart, striated
  • Smooth muscle - in internal organs, not striated

  
• Various synovial joints


  • 6 of the synovial joints
• Joint


  Articulating bones, joint action
• The muscular system's prime function is to convert chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy to produce movement
• Types of muscle tissue


  • Skeletal muscle tissue
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
  • Smooth muscle tissue
• Voluntary


  Have control of movement
• Involuntary


  No control of movement
• Origin


  The muscle's point of attachment to the more stationary bone
• Insertion


  The point of attachment at the movable end
• Action


  Movement made at the joint when the muscle contracts
• Muscle origin and insertion


  • Biceps: Origin = humerus, scapula, Insertion = Radius
  • Pectorals: Origin = Sternum, clavicle, Insertion = Head of humerus
  • Gluteus maximus: Origin = Posterior surface of pelvis, sacrum, Insertion = Femur

  
• Proximal


  Closer to our body