Biotechnology

• The term “Biotechnology” came from the words biology and technology on 1970s
• The term “Biotechnology” came from the words biology and technology on 1970s
• Modifications of plant and animal are also be classified as parts of biotechnology.
• Biology has a wide range of “applications” and it is very much part of our day-to-day living.
• Biotechnology in a broader sense does not only include the study of biology, but also the applications of chemistry and engineering combined.
• Example of Traditional Biotechnology: Bagoong, Bread , Tuba, Patis, Beer ,Wine, Cheese
• Examples of Modern Biotechnology:

  Recombinant DNA Technology, Animal cloning, GMO, Gene therapy, Plant hybridization, Antibody production , Recombinant drugs, Stem cell therapy, Biopharming
• 1869 DNA is isolated
• 1944 - DNA proved to be the hereditary material
• 1953 -DNA structure determined.
• 1961 -DNA can be split on heating and stuck back together again on cooling (reannealing) DNA hybridisation possible
• 1962 -The first restriction endonucleases discoveredMolecular scissors.
• 1962 -The first restriction endonucleases discoveredMolecular scissors.
• 1963 - The genetic code worked outDiscovered to be a universal code
• 1973DNA cloning carried out on bacteriaGene identifiedCut with restriction enzymeSpliced into a plasmid (circular bacterial DNA) using ligase
• 1973 DNA cloning carried out on bacteriaGene identifiedCut with restriction enzymeSpliced into a plasmid (circular bacterial DNA) using ligase
• Plasmid reintroduced into a bacterium
• 1977 -Rapid sequencing of DNA developed.
• 1982 - Transgenic mice and fruit flies produced.
• 1983 - Polymerase chain reaction invented
• 1985 - Genetic fingerprinting developed.
• 1989 - Cystic fibrosis gene cloned and sequenced
• 1990 -Trials for gene therapy begin.
• 1994 -Genetically modified organisms for food
• Genomics - A branch of biotechnology concerned with applying the techniques of genetics and molecular biology to the genetic mapping and DNA sequencing of sets of genes or the complete genomes of selected organisms, with organizing the results in databases, and with applications of the data.
• The first genetically engineered microorganism was reported in 1973 by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer.
• The first genetically engineered microorganism was reported in 1973 by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer.
• Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer - They isolated from an African clawed frog gene, the code for ribosomal RNA and then inserted it into the circular DNA of bacteria called Escherichia coli.
• Restriction enzymes are proteins often isolated from bacteria used in cutting DNA molecules.
• Genetic Engineering is the process of manipulating genes.
• The resulting fusion of genes (DNA) from two or more organisms is called Recombinant DNA.
• The success of genetic engineering is best illustrated with the story of insulin.
• In fact, research into the genetics of Eschirichia coli during the 1970s led to the development of recombinant DNA technology, a set of laboratory techniques for combining genes from different sources—even different species– into a single DNA molecule.
• To manipulate genes in the laboratory, biologists often use bacterial plasmids, which are small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome.
• Because plasmids can carry virtually any gene and replicate in bacteria, they are key tools for gene cloning, the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA.
• They work by chopping up the foreign DNA, a process that restricts foreign DNA from surviving in the cell.
• we start with a piece of DNA containing one recognition sequence for a particular restriction enzyme from E.coli. In this case, the restriction enzyme will cut the DNA strands between the bases A and G within the sequence, producing pieces of DNA called restriction fragments.
• The union between foreign and original DNA fragments is made permanent by the “pasting” enzyme DNA ligase.
• The biologist isolates two kinds of DNA: the bacterial plasmid that will serve as the vector (gene carrier), and the human DNA containing gene V.
• The entire collection of all the cloned DNA fragments from a genome is called a genomic library.